Exam 11: Agricultural States

Unlike forager and tribal societies, the ownership of land in agricultural states became the primary basis for an individual's socioeconomic status.

Which of the following was NOT a region in which an ancient agricultural state flourished:

Despite the domination by the state or landlords, the peasantry developed norms that emphasized community cooperation in production, distribution, and consumption. This system involved sharing food and labor with one another in a reciprocal manner to provide a form of social and economic security so that individual peasant families would not perish. This system is known as:

Despite the domination of the peasantry by the state or landlords, the peasantry often adapted at the level of the village or community by cooperating in the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods, thus assuring that individual families did not become destitute.

There is no evidence that the ancient Maya civilization made use of intensive forms of agriculture.

Bridewealth occurs frequently in horticultural societies, whereas goods and wealth paid by the bride's family to the groom's family is most common in agricultural states. This type of marital exchange is known as the:

With the rise of agricultural states and central governments, kinship relations and kin organizations rapidly became obsolete, eventually disappearing altogether in states such as the Egyptian and Incan empires.

The majority of agricultural states have either patrilineal or bilateral kin groupings, while only about nine percent are matrilineal. One of these matrilineal societies, the , had an unusual family structure in which females could enter into a number of marriages but the males did not reside with the women; they were free to join the military. The residential family was composed of a group of sisters, their children, and the women's brothers, who were the resident males of the family.

Monogamy is the primary form of marriage in most agricultural states. The probable reason this pattern is so prevalent is:

State organized rituals were also referred to as:

In contrast to horticulture, intensive agriculture allows a population to produce a surplus of food so population densities and the size of permanent settlements can grow.

Are marriage patterns and social ties in agricultural states independent of economic and political considerations? If so, why? If not, what are some of the economic and political implications of marriage patterns and other social ties?

Discuss the relationships among gender, subsistence, and status in agricultural states. How does the picture that emerges differ from the one for any of the following groups: (1) foragers, (2) tribes, or (3) chiefdoms?

In agricultural states, marriages among the elite were usually exogamous, while those among the peasantry were usually endogamous in nature.

What are some of the advantages of having an extended family organization in an agricultural state as opposed to an autonomous nuclear family?

The Nayar family is an excellent example of the economic benefits an agricultural state accrues by organizing people and labor on the basis of single nuclear families, which combined into patrilineages and eventually into competitive moieties.

Because of the egalitarian nature of agricultural states, racial and ethnic stratification did not occur.

Of the following, which is NOT a stated reason for the collapse of state-level societies?

Since wealth and status determine the type of marriage patterns found in ag?ricultural states, the primary form of marriage for all but the elite was:

Divorce was rare in agricultural states because of a number of factors. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors discussed in the text?