Question 1

If a researcher has a reason to expect large and long-lasting order effects,the best strategy is

Accepted Answer

A) to increase the amount of time between treatment conditions. 
B) to use partial counterbalancing. 
C) to use complete counterbalancing. 
D) to use a between-subjects research design. 
A) to increase the amount of time between treatment conditions. 
B) to use partial counterbalancing. 
C) to use complete counterbalancing. 
D) to use a between-subjects research design.

Question 2

A within-subjects design has a definite advantage over a between-subjects design when the number of available subjects is relatively ________ and individual differences are relatively _____.

Accepted Answer

A) large,large 
B) large,small 
C) small,large 
D) small,small 
A) large,large 
B) large,small 
C) small,large 
D) small,small

Question 3

Describe a matched-subjects design and explain how this design attempts to avoid the major problems that exist with a between-subject design and a within-subjects design.

Accepted Answer

A matched-subjects design uses a differe

Question 4

In a completely counterbalanced within-subjects experiment

Accepted Answer

A) each group receives a different treatment. 
B) each participant receives each treatment in the same order. 
C) a series of treatments is presented in every possible sequence. 
D) participants receive a random order of treatment conditions. 
A) each group receives a different treatment. 
B) each participant receives each treatment in the same order. 
C) a series of treatments is presented in every possible sequence. 
D) participants receive a random order of treatment conditions.

Question 5

Randomly assigning participants to treatment conditions is not a part of within-subjects experiments.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Which of the following differentiates a matched-subjects design from a within-subjects design?

Accepted Answer

A) The matched-subjects design uses only one group of participants. 
B) The matched-subjects design removes individual differences from the variance. 
C) The matched-subjects design reduces the likelihood that individual differences can become a confounding variable. 
D) The matched-subjects design uses a different group of participants for each treatment condition. 
A) The matched-subjects design uses only one group of participants. 
B) The matched-subjects design removes individual differences from the variance. 
C) The matched-subjects design reduces the likelihood that individual differences can become a confounding variable. 
D) The matched-subjects design uses a different group of participants for each treatment condition.

Question 7

Describe the limitations or problems that can occur with counterbalancing.

Accepted Answer

There are three general concerns about c

Question 8

For a within-subjects study comparing two treatments,A and B,a researcher expects that practice in the first treatment will improve the participants' scores in the second treatment.If the order of treatments is counterbalanced,then the practice will influence

Accepted Answer

A) scores in treatment A but not in treatment B. 
B) scores in treatment B but not in treatment A. 
C) scores in treatment A for half the participants and scores in treatment B for half the participants. 
D) Practice will not influence the scores because the treatments are counterbalanced. 
A) scores in treatment A but not in treatment B. 
B) scores in treatment B but not in treatment A. 
C) scores in treatment A for half the participants and scores in treatment B for half the participants. 
D) Practice will not influence the scores because the treatments are counterbalanced.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a time-related threat to internal validity for a within-subjects experiment?

Accepted Answer

A) history 
B) instrumentation 
C) maturation 
D) assignment bias 
A) history 
B) instrumentation 
C) maturation 
D) assignment bias

Question 10

If a researcher would like to conduct an experiment but is concerned about strong order effects,one solution is to use a

Accepted Answer

A) within-subjects design. 
B) between-subjects design. 
C) correlational design. 
D) descriptive strategy. 
A) within-subjects design. 
B) between-subjects design. 
C) correlational design. 
D) descriptive strategy.

Question 11

In a Latin square

Accepted Answer

A) each participant receives each treatment in the same order. 
B) each treatment is administered first in the series for one group of participants. 
C) each participant receives a different treatment. 
D) every possible ordering of treatment conditions is used. 
A) each participant receives each treatment in the same order. 
B) each treatment is administered first in the series for one group of participants. 
C) each participant receives a different treatment. 
D) every possible ordering of treatment conditions is used.

Question 12

It is impossible to have order effects with a between-subjects design.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Which of the following is an advantage of the between-subjects design versus the within-subjects design?

Accepted Answer

A) It generally requires fewer participants. 
B) It usually is a more sensitive test (more likely to detect a treatment effect). 
C) It eliminates the risk of order effects. 
D) It eliminates potential problems that may be caused by individual differences. 
A) It generally requires fewer participants. 
B) It usually is a more sensitive test (more likely to detect a treatment effect). 
C) It eliminates the risk of order effects. 
D) It eliminates potential problems that may be caused by individual differences.

Question 14

How many groups of participants would be needed to completely counterbalance a within-subjects experiment with three treatment conditions?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 
B) 3 
C) 6 
D) 9 
A) 1 
B) 3 
C) 6 
D) 9

Question 15

Compared to a between-subjects design,the variance in a within-subjects design is greatly reduced because the _______ are measured and statistically removed.

Accepted Answer

A) individual differences 
B) carry over effects 
C) progressive error effects 
D) instrumentation effects 
A) individual differences 
B) carry over effects 
C) progressive error effects 
D) instrumentation effects

Question 16

_____ the time period between treatment conditions reduces the chances of history influencing the results of a within-subjects experiment.

Accepted Answer

A) Shortening 
B) Lengthening 
C) Shortening and then lengthening 
D) None of the other options will effect history. 
A) Shortening 
B) Lengthening 
C) Shortening and then lengthening 
D) None of the other options will effect history.

Question 17

In a within-subjects design,the term "participant attrition" refers to the possibility that

Accepted Answer

A)  the scores may differ from one treatment to another because of outside events. 
B)  the scores may differ from one treatment to another because of changes in the measuring instrument. 
C)  the scores may differ from one treatment to another because the participants gain experience in each treatment. 
D)  some of the individuals in the study may leave without completing all of the treatment conditions. 
A)  the scores may differ from one treatment to another because of outside events. 
B)  the scores may differ from one treatment to another because of changes in the measuring instrument. 
C)  the scores may differ from one treatment to another because the participants gain experience in each treatment. 
D)  some of the individuals in the study may leave without completing all of the treatment conditions.

Question 18

Partial counterbalancing for four treatments would require four groups of participants.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Within-subjects designs are most useful when

Accepted Answer

A) individual differences are large and there are many participants available. 
B) individual differences are large and there are relatively few participants available. 
C) individual differences are small and there are many participants available. 
D) individual differences are small and there are relatively few participants available. 
A) individual differences are large and there are many participants available. 
B) individual differences are large and there are relatively few participants available. 
C) individual differences are small and there are many participants available. 
D) individual differences are small and there are relatively few participants available.

Question 20

Outline the major advantages and disadvantages of between-subjects designs and within-subjects designs.

Accepted Answer

The major advantage of between-subjects

If a researcher has a reason to expect large and long-lasting order effects,the best strategy is

A within-subjects design has a definite advantage over a between-subjects design when the number of available subjects is relatively ____ and individual differences are relatively _.

Describe a matched-subjects design and explain how this design attempts to avoid the major problems that exist with a between-subject design and a within-subjects design.

In a completely counterbalanced within-subjects experiment

Randomly assigning participants to treatment conditions is not a part of within-subjects experiments.

Which of the following differentiates a matched-subjects design from a within-subjects design?

Describe the limitations or problems that can occur with counterbalancing.

For a within-subjects study comparing two treatments,A and B,a researcher expects that practice in the first treatment will improve the participants' scores in the second treatment.If the order of treatments is counterbalanced,then the practice will influence

Which of the following is not a time-related threat to internal validity for a within-subjects experiment?

If a researcher would like to conduct an experiment but is concerned about strong order effects,one solution is to use a

In a Latin square

It is impossible to have order effects with a between-subjects design.

Which of the following is an advantage of the between-subjects design versus the within-subjects design?

How many groups of participants would be needed to completely counterbalance a within-subjects experiment with three treatment conditions?

Compared to a between-subjects design,the variance in a within-subjects design is greatly reduced because the _______ are measured and statistically removed.

_____ the time period between treatment conditions reduces the chances of history influencing the results of a within-subjects experiment.

In a within-subjects design,the term "participant attrition" refers to the possibility that

Partial counterbalancing for four treatments would require four groups of participants.

Within-subjects designs are most useful when

Outline the major advantages and disadvantages of between-subjects designs and within-subjects designs.

Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the Scientific Method

Research Ideas

Defining and Measuring Variables

Ethics in Research

Selecting Research Participants

Research Strategies and Validity

The Experimental Research Strategy

Experimental Designs: Between-Subjects Design

The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group, Pre-Post, and Developmental Designs

Factorial Designs

The Correlational Research Strategy

Descriptive Research Strategy

Single-Subject Research Designs

Statistical Evaluation of Data

Writing a Research Report

Filters

Exam 9: Experimental Designs: Within-Subjects Design

If a researcher has a reason to expect large and long-lasting order effects,the best strategy is

A within-subjects design has a definite advantage over a between-subjects design when the number of available subjects is relatively ________ and individual differences are relatively _____.

Describe a matched-subjects design and explain how this design attempts to avoid the major problems that exist with a between-subject design and a within-subjects design.

In a completely counterbalanced within-subjects experiment

Randomly assigning participants to treatment conditions is not a part of within-subjects experiments.

Which of the following differentiates a matched-subjects design from a within-subjects design?

Describe the limitations or problems that can occur with counterbalancing.

For a within-subjects study comparing two treatments,A and B,a researcher expects that practice in the first treatment will improve the participants' scores in the second treatment.If the order of treatments is counterbalanced,then the practice will influence

Which of the following is not a time-related threat to internal validity for a within-subjects experiment?

If a researcher would like to conduct an experiment but is concerned about strong order effects,one solution is to use a

In a Latin square

It is impossible to have order effects with a between-subjects design.

Which of the following is an advantage of the between-subjects design versus the within-subjects design?

How many groups of participants would be needed to completely counterbalance a within-subjects experiment with three treatment conditions?

Compared to a between-subjects design,the variance in a within-subjects design is greatly reduced because the _______ are measured and statistically removed.

_____ the time period between treatment conditions reduces the chances of history influencing the results of a within-subjects experiment.

In a within-subjects design,the term "participant attrition" refers to the possibility that

Partial counterbalancing for four treatments would require four groups of participants.

Within-subjects designs are most useful when

Outline the major advantages and disadvantages of between-subjects designs and within-subjects designs.

Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the Scientific Method

Research Ideas

Defining and Measuring Variables

Ethics in Research

Selecting Research Participants

Research Strategies and Validity

The Experimental Research Strategy

Experimental Designs: Between-Subjects Design

The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group, Pre-Post, and Developmental Designs

Factorial Designs

The Correlational Research Strategy

Descriptive Research Strategy

Single-Subject Research Designs

Statistical Evaluation of Data

Writing a Research Report

Filters

A within-subjects design has a definite advantage over a between-subjects design when the number of available subjects is relatively ____ and individual differences are relatively _.