Question 1

Order effects can become a confounding variable because

Accepted Answer

A) they affect all the treatment conditions equally. 
B)  treatment conditions at the end of the series are affected differently than conditions at the beginning. 
C) they cannot be separated from other time related threats such as history. 
D) they create individual differences between treatment conditions. 
A) they affect all the treatment conditions equally. 
B)  treatment conditions at the end of the series are affected differently than conditions at the beginning. 
C) they cannot be separated from other time related threats such as history. 
D) they create individual differences between treatment conditions.

Question 2

Order effects include

Accepted Answer

A) history and instrumentation effects. 
B) carryover and progressive error effects. 
C) maturation and regression effects. 
D) assignment bias and selection bias. 
A) history and instrumentation effects. 
B) carryover and progressive error effects. 
C) maturation and regression effects. 
D) assignment bias and selection bias.

Question 3

When an outside event occurs during a within-subject study and influences some of the treatment conditions but not others,the results are said to be confounded by

Accepted Answer

A) history effects. 
B) instrumentation. 
C) maturation. 
D) regression toward the mean. 
A) history effects. 
B) instrumentation. 
C) maturation. 
D) regression toward the mean.

Question 4

Under what circumstances is a within-subjects design not a good choice for a research study?

Accepted Answer

A within-subjects design is not a good c

Question 5

The effect of counterbalancing is to eliminate order effects.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

The effect of counterbalancing is

Accepted Answer

A) to eliminate order effects. 
B) to spread order effects equally across the different treatment conditions. 
C) to separate order effects from the treatment effects. 
D) to subtract out order effects along with the individual differences. 
A) to eliminate order effects. 
B) to spread order effects equally across the different treatment conditions. 
C) to separate order effects from the treatment effects. 
D) to subtract out order effects along with the individual differences.

Question 7

When one treatment condition has a lasting effect on the participants and influences their scores in later treatments,the study is confounded by

Accepted Answer

A) history effects. 
B) instrumentation. 
C) carryover effects. 
D) progressive error. 
A) history effects. 
B) instrumentation. 
C) carryover effects. 
D) progressive error.

Question 8

A way to control for order effects in a within-subjects experiment is to use

Accepted Answer

A) matching. 
B) randomization. 
C) holding order constant. 
D) counterbalancing. 
A) matching. 
B) randomization. 
C) holding order constant. 
D) counterbalancing.

Question 9

Latin square is used to determine the order of treatments that will be used in a within-subjects experiment comparing 5 treatments labeled A,B,C,D,and E.How many groups of participants will receive treatment E as the first treatment?

Accepted Answer

A) 0 
B) 1 
C) 5 
D) cannot answer without more information 
A) 0 
B) 1 
C) 5 
D) cannot answer without more information

Question 10

How many participants would be needed for a within-subjects experiment comparing four different treatment conditions with a total of 20 scores in each treatment?

Accepted Answer

A) 20 
B) 40 
C) 80 
D) cannot answer without more information 
A) 20 
B) 40 
C) 80 
D) cannot answer without more information

Question 11

One general concern for within-subjects research is that participation in one treatment condition may influence an individual's scores in a later treatment condition.This creates a threat to internal validity known as order effects or testing effects.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

One advantage of within-subjects designs is that they completely eliminate the possibility that individual differences can become confounding variables.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

One disadvantage of a multiple-treatment design compared to a two-treatment design is that the likelihood of participant attrition increases as the number of treatments increases.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

A Latin square is used with

Accepted Answer

A) partial counterbalancing. 
B) complete counterbalancing. 
C) matched-subjects designs. 
D) all within-subjects designs. 
A) partial counterbalancing. 
B) complete counterbalancing. 
C) matched-subjects designs. 
D) all within-subjects designs.

Question 15

A researcher is evaluating the changes in performance that occur during a 6-week training program.Participants are observed at the beginning and at the end of the program and the researcher rates each individual's level of performance.If the researcher's standards for rating performance change from the first observation to the last,then the internal validity of the study is threatened by

Accepted Answer

A) history. 
B) instrumentation. 
C) maturation. 
D) statistical regression. 
A) history. 
B) instrumentation. 
C) maturation. 
D) statistical regression.

Question 16

The goal of counterbalancing is to limit the possibility that order effects become a confounding variable.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

In a within-subjects study that extends over a relatively long time,it is possible that there will be systematic changes in the participants' skills or knowledge during the time of the study.If these changes influence the participants' scores,causing scores at the end of the study to be different from scores at the beginning,the effect is called

Accepted Answer

A) a history effect. 
B) instrumentation. 
C) maturation. 
D) regression toward the mean. 
A) a history effect. 
B) instrumentation. 
C) maturation. 
D) regression toward the mean.

Question 18

One advantage of a two-treatment design compared to a multiple-treatment design is that it is easier to counterbalance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

In a within-subjects design,individual differences (participant variables)are a problem because

Accepted Answer

A) they can become confounding variables. 
B) they can increase the variability. 
C) they can become confounding variables and they can increase the variability. 
D) individual differences are not a problem in a within-subjects design. 
A) they can become confounding variables. 
B) they can increase the variability. 
C) they can become confounding variables and they can increase the variability. 
D) individual differences are not a problem in a within-subjects design.

Question 20

During the first treatment condition of a within-subjects experiment,the participants learn a new skill that helps improve their performance in later treatment conditions.For this study,the internal validity is threatened by

Accepted Answer

A) history effects. 
B) instrumentation. 
C) testing effects. 
D)  regression toward the mean. 
A) history effects. 
B) instrumentation. 
C) testing effects. 
D)  regression toward the mean.

Order effects can become a confounding variable because

Order effects include

When an outside event occurs during a within-subject study and influences some of the treatment conditions but not others,the results are said to be confounded by

Under what circumstances is a within-subjects design not a good choice for a research study?

The effect of counterbalancing is to eliminate order effects.

The effect of counterbalancing is

When one treatment condition has a lasting effect on the participants and influences their scores in later treatments,the study is confounded by

A way to control for order effects in a within-subjects experiment is to use

Latin square is used to determine the order of treatments that will be used in a within-subjects experiment comparing 5 treatments labeled A,B,C,D,and E.How many groups of participants will receive treatment E as the first treatment?

How many participants would be needed for a within-subjects experiment comparing four different treatment conditions with a total of 20 scores in each treatment?

One general concern for within-subjects research is that participation in one treatment condition may influence an individual's scores in a later treatment condition.This creates a threat to internal validity known as order effects or testing effects.

One advantage of within-subjects designs is that they completely eliminate the possibility that individual differences can become confounding variables.

One disadvantage of a multiple-treatment design compared to a two-treatment design is that the likelihood of participant attrition increases as the number of treatments increases.

A Latin square is used with

The goal of counterbalancing is to limit the possibility that order effects become a confounding variable.

One advantage of a two-treatment design compared to a multiple-treatment design is that it is easier to counterbalance.

In a within-subjects design,individual differences (participant variables)are a problem because

During the first treatment condition of a within-subjects experiment,the participants learn a new skill that helps improve their performance in later treatment conditions.For this study,the internal validity is threatened by

Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the Scientific Method

Research Ideas

Defining and Measuring Variables

Ethics in Research

Selecting Research Participants

Research Strategies and Validity

The Experimental Research Strategy

Experimental Designs: Between-Subjects Design

The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group, Pre-Post, and Developmental Designs

Factorial Designs

The Correlational Research Strategy

Descriptive Research Strategy

Single-Subject Research Designs

Statistical Evaluation of Data

Writing a Research Report

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Exam 9: Experimental Designs: Within-Subjects Design

Order effects can become a confounding variable because

Order effects include

When an outside event occurs during a within-subject study and influences some of the treatment conditions but not others,the results are said to be confounded by

Under what circumstances is a within-subjects design not a good choice for a research study?

The effect of counterbalancing is to eliminate order effects.

The effect of counterbalancing is

When one treatment condition has a lasting effect on the participants and influences their scores in later treatments,the study is confounded by

A way to control for order effects in a within-subjects experiment is to use

Latin square is used to determine the order of treatments that will be used in a within-subjects experiment comparing 5 treatments labeled A,B,C,D,and E.How many groups of participants will receive treatment E as the first treatment?

How many participants would be needed for a within-subjects experiment comparing four different treatment conditions with a total of 20 scores in each treatment?

One general concern for within-subjects research is that participation in one treatment condition may influence an individual's scores in a later treatment condition.This creates a threat to internal validity known as order effects or testing effects.

One advantage of within-subjects designs is that they completely eliminate the possibility that individual differences can become confounding variables.

One disadvantage of a multiple-treatment design compared to a two-treatment design is that the likelihood of participant attrition increases as the number of treatments increases.

A Latin square is used with

The goal of counterbalancing is to limit the possibility that order effects become a confounding variable.

One advantage of a two-treatment design compared to a multiple-treatment design is that it is easier to counterbalance.

In a within-subjects design,individual differences (participant variables)are a problem because

During the first treatment condition of a within-subjects experiment,the participants learn a new skill that helps improve their performance in later treatment conditions.For this study,the internal validity is threatened by

Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the Scientific Method

Research Ideas

Defining and Measuring Variables

Ethics in Research

Selecting Research Participants

Research Strategies and Validity

The Experimental Research Strategy

Experimental Designs: Between-Subjects Design

The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group, Pre-Post, and Developmental Designs

Factorial Designs

The Correlational Research Strategy

Descriptive Research Strategy

Single-Subject Research Designs

Statistical Evaluation of Data

Writing a Research Report

Filters