Exam 11: Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning

Mental models exist only for concrete systems.

?Form errors in reasoning occur because __________.

The representativeness heuristic is a bias to make decisions based on __________.

Define (and use examples to illustrate)the semantic distance effect and the semantic congruity effect.

Recent research suggests that what sort of reasoning might be influencing how people make decisions?

The "roadrunner effect" (dropping off a cliff)reflects __________.

Make a judgment about which is rounder: an apple or a pear versus a toothpick or an oar.The difference between these judgments will illustrate __________.

In the three months following the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center buildings in New York City,the rate of traffic fatalities increased by about 350 people.This increase was most likely due to the operation of __________.

RT is longer for the comparison "a whale is a fish" than for "a whale is a bird." This reflects __________.

A reasoning heuristic in which we judge the likelihood of some event by deciding how much that event seems to be like the larger group or population from which it was drawn is a(n)__________.

The amount of change required for people to detect the change is __________.

The mistaken belief that a compound outcome of two characteristics can be more likely than either one of the characteristics by itself is __________.

Consider this problem.What does it represent? Premise 1: If Mark drew it,it is a duck. Premise 2: Mark drew it. Conclusion: It is a duck.

Using this picture and asking "Which {balloon // yo-yo} is higher" (the example from the text)will illustrate __________.

The SNARC effect refers to decisions about numbers.

Recent work on "fast and frugal" heuristic,in particular the recognition heuristic and the "take the best" heuristic,reveal that simple one-reason decision-making heuristics often do a very good job.

If you make a decision about what most households in the country are like by thinking about what your college friends are like,you are succumbing to the __________ heuristic.

Making a decision based on ease of retrieval of relevant examples from memory (e.g.,the "words with K in the first/third position" example)is __________.This is an informal approach that can be extremely useful in many situations,but it sometimes produces the wrong answer.

Adults often will not demonstrate formal or abstract reasoning processes when presented with abstract problems.

The bias or heuristic that includes the law of small numbers is __________.