Question 1

Explain how an experiment is used to understand the cause of a phenomenon by describing the three conditions for causal inference an experiment meets.

Accepted Answer

Researchers conduct an experiment when t

Question 2

The widespread application of psychological principles in our everyday life is possible because of ___________ in the past.

Accepted Answer

A)  basic research 
B)  time-order relationships 
C)  parsimony 
D)  intervening variables 
A)  basic research 
B)  time-order relationships 
C)  parsimony 
D)  intervening variables

Question 3

When using psychological measurement of a dimension such as aggression,psychologists often base their measurements of people's aggressiveness on

Accepted Answer

A)  agreement among a number of observers regarding their ratings of behavior on an aggressiveness scale. 
B)  consensus among researchers in the field of aggression as to the theoretical definition of aggression. 
C)  consistency across operational definitions of aggression. 
D)  availability of a precise measuring instrument, preferably based on a physiological response. 
A)  agreement among a number of observers regarding their ratings of behavior on an aggressiveness scale. 
B)  consensus among researchers in the field of aggression as to the theoretical definition of aggression. 
C)  consistency across operational definitions of aggression. 
D)  availability of a precise measuring instrument, preferably based on a physiological response.

Question 4

Which of the following is an accepted check that scientists can use to determine whether a scientific report is unbiased?

Accepted Answer

A)  the precision of the data that are reported 
B)  parsimony of explanation 
C)  clear operational definitions 
D)  agreement between observers 
A)  the precision of the data that are reported 
B)  parsimony of explanation 
C)  clear operational definitions 
D)  agreement between observers

Question 5

A(n)__________ is a logically organized set of propositions that serves to define events,describe relationships among events,and explain the occurrence of events.

Accepted Answer

A)  theory 
B)  intervening variable 
C)  hypothesis 
D)  causal inference 
A)  theory 
B)  intervening variable 
C)  hypothesis 
D)  causal inference

Question 6

In a study investigating the effects of two different types of music on students' test performance,the music represents the

Accepted Answer

A)  independent variable. 
B)  intervening variable. 
C)  dependent variable. 
D)  applied variable. 
A)  independent variable. 
B)  intervening variable. 
C)  dependent variable. 
D)  applied variable.

Question 7

The criteria used to classify and define mental disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders represent an illustration of which of the following goals of the scientific method?

Accepted Answer

A)  description 
B)  prediction 
C)  explanation 
D)  therapy 
A)  description 
B)  prediction 
C)  explanation 
D)  therapy

Question 8

One disadvantage that results from the use of operational definitions is that

Accepted Answer

A)  the reliability and validity of the operational definition become equivalent. 
B)  the number of psychological constructs becomes smaller. 
C)  communication among scientists becomes confused. 
D)  a potentially limitless number of operational definitions exists for any construct. 
A)  the reliability and validity of the operational definition become equivalent. 
B)  the number of psychological constructs becomes smaller. 
C)  communication among scientists becomes confused. 
D)  a potentially limitless number of operational definitions exists for any construct.

Question 9

The testable,tentative explanations scientists use to explain events are called

Accepted Answer

A)  confirmatory biases. 
B)  hypotheses. 
C)  heuristics. 
D)  causal inferences. 
A)  confirmatory biases. 
B)  hypotheses. 
C)  heuristics. 
D)  causal inferences.

Question 10

Research suggests that when judging photos of people's faces,people demonstrate high levels of agreement regarding which faces appear trustworthy,but that these ratings don't correspond to whether the people in the photos are guilty or innocent of cheating on a test.This finding indicates that measurements can be __________,yet not ___________.

Accepted Answer

A)  reliable; valid 
B)  precise; accurate 
C)  nomothetic; idiographic 
D)  basic; applied 
A)  reliable; valid 
B)  precise; accurate 
C)  nomothetic; idiographic 
D)  basic; applied

Question 11

What characteristic distinguishes scientific hypotheses from casual,everyday hypotheses?

Accepted Answer

A)  certainty 
B)  intuitive appeal 
C)  testability 
D)  circularity 
A)  certainty 
B)  intuitive appeal 
C)  testability 
D)  circularity

Question 12

The nomothetic approach in psychology (or in any science)is intended to establish broad generalizations and universal "laws." When using the nomothetic approach researchers are likely to make

Accepted Answer

A)  many observations of one individual. 
B)  observations of many individuals and focus on extreme scores. 
C)  observations of many individuals and focus on the average (typical) score. 
D)  few observations of a few individuals and focus on the scores that occur most often. 
A)  many observations of one individual. 
B)  observations of many individuals and focus on extreme scores. 
C)  observations of many individuals and focus on the average (typical) score. 
D)  few observations of a few individuals and focus on the scores that occur most often.

Question 13

Scientists would likely reject the hypothesis that a person was violent because the person was possessed by the Devil.Scientists reject a hypothesis like this one not because it is inherently wrong,but because the hypothesis lacks the necessary scientific characteristic of being

Accepted Answer

A)  complex. 
B)  circular. 
C)  concise. 
D)  testable. 
A)  complex. 
B)  circular. 
C)  concise. 
D)  testable.

Question 14

A researcher asks a sample of 200 individuals to complete a questionnaire.She then computes statistics to describe how individuals respond in general to the questions.This researcher's approach is

Accepted Answer

A)  idiographic and quantitative. 
B)  idiographic and qualitative. 
C)  nomothetic and quantitative. 
D)  nomothetic and qualitative. 
A)  idiographic and quantitative. 
B)  idiographic and qualitative. 
C)  nomothetic and quantitative. 
D)  nomothetic and qualitative.

Question 15

Based on investigations with the horse Clever Hans,an important factor researchers should seek to control when testing whether dogs can sniff cancer in urine samples is

Accepted Answer

A)  whether the dogs are tested indoors or outdoors. 
B)  that some samples should come from people and some from horses. 
C)  that the urine samples should come from a diverse group of patients. 
D)  whether, during testing, the dogs can see people who know which samples came from cancer patients. 
A)  whether the dogs are tested indoors or outdoors. 
B)  that some samples should come from people and some from horses. 
C)  that the urine samples should come from a diverse group of patients. 
D)  whether, during testing, the dogs can see people who know which samples came from cancer patients.

Question 16

Four goals of research in psychology are

Accepted Answer

A)  reliability, validity, experimentation, and theory construction. 
B)  description, prediction, explanation, and application. 
C)  description, correlation, experimentation, and theory construction. 
D)  observation, measurement, causal inference, and explanation. 
A)  reliability, validity, experimentation, and theory construction. 
B)  description, prediction, explanation, and application. 
C)  description, correlation, experimentation, and theory construction. 
D)  observation, measurement, causal inference, and explanation.

Question 17

A(n)____________ is a statement about the cause of an event or behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  experiment 
B)  causal inference 
C)  construct 
D)  correlation 
A)  experiment 
B)  causal inference 
C)  construct 
D)  correlation

Question 18

The research goal of "prediction" is most associated with _________ research,and the research goal of "explanation" is most associated with _________ research.

Accepted Answer

A)  applied; basic 
B)  correlational; experimental 
C)  multimethod; single method 
D)  nomothetic; idiographic 
A)  applied; basic 
B)  correlational; experimental 
C)  multimethod; single method 
D)  nomothetic; idiographic

Question 19

In a study examining the number of proofreading errors make when students are tested while reading under bright or dim lighting,the number of proofreading errors represents the

Accepted Answer

A)  control variable. 
B)  intervening variable. 
C)  dependent variable. 
D)  independent variable. 
A)  control variable. 
B)  intervening variable. 
C)  dependent variable. 
D)  independent variable.

Question 20

How is the empirical approach that is used in the scientific method different from a nonscientific (everyday)approach to knowledge?

Accepted Answer

The empirical approach involves the use

Explain how an experiment is used to understand the cause of a phenomenon by describing the three conditions for causal inference an experiment meets.

The widespread application of psychological principles in our everyday life is possible because of ___________ in the past.

When using psychological measurement of a dimension such as aggression,psychologists often base their measurements of people's aggressiveness on

Which of the following is an accepted check that scientists can use to determine whether a scientific report is unbiased?

A(n)__________ is a logically organized set of propositions that serves to define events,describe relationships among events,and explain the occurrence of events.

In a study investigating the effects of two different types of music on students' test performance,the music represents the

The criteria used to classify and define mental disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders represent an illustration of which of the following goals of the scientific method?

One disadvantage that results from the use of operational definitions is that

The testable,tentative explanations scientists use to explain events are called

What characteristic distinguishes scientific hypotheses from casual,everyday hypotheses?

The nomothetic approach in psychology (or in any science)is intended to establish broad generalizations and universal "laws." When using the nomothetic approach researchers are likely to make

Scientists would likely reject the hypothesis that a person was violent because the person was possessed by the Devil.Scientists reject a hypothesis like this one not because it is inherently wrong,but because the hypothesis lacks the necessary scientific characteristic of being

A researcher asks a sample of 200 individuals to complete a questionnaire.She then computes statistics to describe how individuals respond in general to the questions.This researcher's approach is

Based on investigations with the horse Clever Hans,an important factor researchers should seek to control when testing whether dogs can sniff cancer in urine samples is

Four goals of research in psychology are

A(n)____________ is a statement about the cause of an event or behavior.

The research goal of "prediction" is most associated with _ research,and the research goal of "explanation" is most associated with _ research.

In a study examining the number of proofreading errors make when students are tested while reading under bright or dim lighting,the number of proofreading errors represents the

How is the empirical approach that is used in the scientific method different from a nonscientific (everyday)approach to knowledge?

Introduction

Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research

Observation

Survey Research

Independent Groups Designs

Repeated Measures Designs

Complex Designs

Single-Case Research Designs

Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part Idescribing Data, confidence Intervals, correlation

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part Iitests of Statistical Significance and the Analysis Story

Communication in Psychology

Filters

Exam 2: The Scientific Method

Explain how an experiment is used to understand the cause of a phenomenon by describing the three conditions for causal inference an experiment meets.

The widespread application of psychological principles in our everyday life is possible because of ___________ in the past.

When using psychological measurement of a dimension such as aggression,psychologists often base their measurements of people's aggressiveness on

Which of the following is an accepted check that scientists can use to determine whether a scientific report is unbiased?

A(n)__________ is a logically organized set of propositions that serves to define events,describe relationships among events,and explain the occurrence of events.

In a study investigating the effects of two different types of music on students' test performance,the music represents the

The criteria used to classify and define mental disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders represent an illustration of which of the following goals of the scientific method?

One disadvantage that results from the use of operational definitions is that

The testable,tentative explanations scientists use to explain events are called

What characteristic distinguishes scientific hypotheses from casual,everyday hypotheses?

The nomothetic approach in psychology (or in any science)is intended to establish broad generalizations and universal "laws." When using the nomothetic approach researchers are likely to make

Scientists would likely reject the hypothesis that a person was violent because the person was possessed by the Devil.Scientists reject a hypothesis like this one not because it is inherently wrong,but because the hypothesis lacks the necessary scientific characteristic of being

A researcher asks a sample of 200 individuals to complete a questionnaire.She then computes statistics to describe how individuals respond in general to the questions.This researcher's approach is

Based on investigations with the horse Clever Hans,an important factor researchers should seek to control when testing whether dogs can sniff cancer in urine samples is

Four goals of research in psychology are

A(n)____________ is a statement about the cause of an event or behavior.

The research goal of "prediction" is most associated with _________ research,and the research goal of "explanation" is most associated with _________ research.

In a study examining the number of proofreading errors make when students are tested while reading under bright or dim lighting,the number of proofreading errors represents the

How is the empirical approach that is used in the scientific method different from a nonscientific (everyday)approach to knowledge?

Introduction

Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research

Observation

Survey Research

Independent Groups Designs

Repeated Measures Designs

Complex Designs

Single-Case Research Designs

Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part Idescribing Data, confidence Intervals, correlation

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part Iitests of Statistical Significance and the Analysis Story

Communication in Psychology

Filters

The research goal of "prediction" is most associated with _ research,and the research goal of "explanation" is most associated with _ research.