Question 1

When people change their usual behavior because they know they are being observed,the problem of ______________ has occurred.

Accepted Answer

A)  selective deposit 
B)  spurious relationship 
C)  reactivity 
D)  demand characteristics 
A)  selective deposit 
B)  spurious relationship 
C)  reactivity 
D)  demand characteristics

Question 2

Define observer bias and describe the best way to reduce this problem in a research study.

Accepted Answer

Observer bias is the name given to syste

Question 3

Two ethical issues researchers face when observing naturally occurring behavior (e.g.,messages)during online discussions are

Accepted Answer

A)  confidentiality and privacy. 
B)  minimal risk and limited benefit. 
C)  plagiarism and IACUC. 
D)  none of these 
A)  confidentiality and privacy. 
B)  minimal risk and limited benefit. 
C)  plagiarism and IACUC. 
D)  none of these

Question 4

When researchers' expectations about behavior lead to systematic errors in identifying and recording behavior,_________________ is a problem.

Accepted Answer

A)  reactivity 
B)  selective deposit 
C)  observer bias 
D)  data reduction 
A)  reactivity 
B)  selective deposit 
C)  observer bias 
D)  data reduction

Question 5

One main disadvantage of structured observation is

Accepted Answer

A)  observations that are made using structured observation are made under conditions that are less natural than those imposed in the laboratory. 
B)  failure to follow similar procedures each time an observation is made may make it difficult for other observers to obtain similar results. 
C)  the degree of control in structured observations unduly constrains the flexibility needed by researchers. 
D)  the compromise between the passive nonintervention of naturalistic observation and the precise control of laboratory methods has not proven to be effective. 
A)  observations that are made using structured observation are made under conditions that are less natural than those imposed in the laboratory. 
B)  failure to follow similar procedures each time an observation is made may make it difficult for other observers to obtain similar results. 
C)  the degree of control in structured observations unduly constrains the flexibility needed by researchers. 
D)  the compromise between the passive nonintervention of naturalistic observation and the precise control of laboratory methods has not proven to be effective.

Question 6

The distinction between natural-use traces and controlled-use traces is similar to the distinction between

Accepted Answer

A)  correlations and spurious relationships. 
B)  observations without intervention and observations with intervention. 
C)  qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. 
D)  physical traces and archival records. 
A)  correlations and spurious relationships. 
B)  observations without intervention and observations with intervention. 
C)  qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. 
D)  physical traces and archival records.

Question 7

Low interobserver reliability is likely to result because of

Accepted Answer

A)  extensive training of observers. 
B)  specific feedback to observers regarding discrepancies between their observations. 
C)  lack of clear definitions of events to be recorded. 
D)  all of these 
A)  extensive training of observers. 
B)  specific feedback to observers regarding discrepancies between their observations. 
C)  lack of clear definitions of events to be recorded. 
D)  all of these

Question 8

A researcher uses archival records to investigate whether divorce rates in a city change following major catastrophes (e.g.,hurricane,terrorism).This represents the use of

Accepted Answer

A)  physical traces. 
B)  qualitative data analysis. 
C)  selective survival. 
D)  natural treatments. 
A)  physical traces. 
B)  qualitative data analysis. 
C)  selective survival. 
D)  natural treatments.

Question 9

The process of abstracting and summarizing behavioral data from narrative records,including identifying categories and themes,is called

Accepted Answer

A)  data abstraction. 
B)  coding. 
C)  data reduction. 
D)  summative analysis. 
A)  data abstraction. 
B)  coding. 
C)  data reduction. 
D)  summative analysis.

Question 10

Reactivity is a research problem because when it occurs,

Accepted Answer

A)  observers may record only the observations that are consistent with their expectations. 
B)  people's behavior may not represent their typical behavior. 
C)  relevant information may be lost from archival records. 
D)  there will be a spurious relationship between variables. 
A)  observers may record only the observations that are consistent with their expectations. 
B)  people's behavior may not represent their typical behavior. 
C)  relevant information may be lost from archival records. 
D)  there will be a spurious relationship between variables.

Question 11

Describe the two main methods for indirect (unobtrusive)observation and the important advantage these methods have over direct observation.

Accepted Answer

The two main methods for indirect observ

Question 12

The two pieces of information obtained from a correlation coefficient are

Accepted Answer

A)  the extent of external validity and internal validity of a study. 
B)  interobserver reliability and percent agreement between two observers. 
C)  the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables. 
D)  the predictive relationship and the causal inference between two variables. 
A)  the extent of external validity and internal validity of a study. 
B)  interobserver reliability and percent agreement between two observers. 
C)  the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables. 
D)  the predictive relationship and the causal inference between two variables.

Question 13

Which of the following correlations represents the greatest predictive relationship between two variables?

Accepted Answer

A)  -.80 
B)  -.40 
C)  .00 
D)  .40 
A)  -.80 
B)  -.40 
C)  .00 
D)  .40

Question 14

Read this description of a study and answer the question that follow.
A reporter at a university newspaper sought to gather evidence about the quality of teaching at the university.For one week at the beginning of the semester she attended 5 different,large-lecture classes each day,each with a different instructor.She asked 4 other reporters to do this too (they all attended different classes),and she trained them regarding the ratings they would make.The reporters pretended to be students,but sat in the back of class so the instructor wouldn't notice their observations.Using 10-point rating scales,they rated each instructor on five dimensions: interesting,organized,informative,friendly,and respectful.They summarized their findings and reported that,in general,the quality of teaching at the university is very good.
Based on this reporter's procedures,are you confident that the quality of teaching at the university is "very good." Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

The reporter did not provide criteria (e

Question 15

Read this description of a study and answer the question that follow.
A reporter at a university newspaper sought to gather evidence about the quality of teaching at the university.For one week at the beginning of the semester she attended 5 different,large-lecture classes each day,each with a different instructor.She asked 4 other reporters to do this too (they all attended different classes),and she trained them regarding the ratings they would make.The reporters pretended to be students,but sat in the back of class so the instructor wouldn't notice their observations.Using 10-point rating scales,they rated each instructor on five dimensions: interesting,organized,informative,friendly,and respectful.They summarized their findings and reported that,in general,the quality of teaching at the university is very good.
Identify the type of observational method used in this study.

Accepted Answer

Disguised participan

Question 16

Define and explain the reason for using time sampling and situation sampling in naturalistic observation.

Accepted Answer

Time sampling involves using several ran

Question 17

Under which of the following circumstances is a participant observer more likely to have a significant effect on the behavior of the subjects being observed?

Accepted Answer

A)  when the group under observation is small and the activities of the participant observer are disguised 
B)  when the group under observation is small and the activities of the participant observer are prominent 
C)  when the group under observation is large and the activities of the participant observer are prominent 
D)  when the group under observation is large and the activities of the participant observer are disguised 
A)  when the group under observation is small and the activities of the participant observer are disguised 
B)  when the group under observation is small and the activities of the participant observer are prominent 
C)  when the group under observation is large and the activities of the participant observer are prominent 
D)  when the group under observation is large and the activities of the participant observer are disguised

Question 18

A researcher seeks to describe behavior at an airport security screening area during a busy holiday travel time.Because there are far too many people for the researcher to observe effectively,she should use

Accepted Answer

A)  naturalistic observation. 
B)  situation sampling. 
C)  running records. 
D)  subject sampling. 
A)  naturalistic observation. 
B)  situation sampling. 
C)  running records. 
D)  subject sampling.

Question 19

Researchers who studied beer drinking among college students made their observations in five town bars,a student center,and a fraternity party.They were better able to generalize their findings because they used

Accepted Answer

A)  condition sampling. 
B)  situation sampling. 
C)  participant observation. 
D)  structured observation. 
A)  condition sampling. 
B)  situation sampling. 
C)  participant observation. 
D)  structured observation.

Question 20

In order to minimize observer bias,researchers should

Accepted Answer

A)  fully explain the research hypothesis to observers so there is no confusion. 
B)  limit the amount of information observers have about the hypothesis. 
C)  ask observers to code which of their observations are biased and which are not. 
D)  make sure that observers read all of the previously published research on the behavior they're observing. 
A)  fully explain the research hypothesis to observers so there is no confusion. 
B)  limit the amount of information observers have about the hypothesis. 
C)  ask observers to code which of their observations are biased and which are not. 
D)  make sure that observers read all of the previously published research on the behavior they're observing.

When people change their usual behavior because they know they are being observed,the problem of ______________ has occurred.

Define observer bias and describe the best way to reduce this problem in a research study.

Two ethical issues researchers face when observing naturally occurring behavior (e.g.,messages)during online discussions are

When researchers' expectations about behavior lead to systematic errors in identifying and recording behavior,_________________ is a problem.

One main disadvantage of structured observation is

The distinction between natural-use traces and controlled-use traces is similar to the distinction between

Low interobserver reliability is likely to result because of

A researcher uses archival records to investigate whether divorce rates in a city change following major catastrophes (e.g.,hurricane,terrorism).This represents the use of

The process of abstracting and summarizing behavioral data from narrative records,including identifying categories and themes,is called

Reactivity is a research problem because when it occurs,

Describe the two main methods for indirect (unobtrusive)observation and the important advantage these methods have over direct observation.

The two pieces of information obtained from a correlation coefficient are

Which of the following correlations represents the greatest predictive relationship between two variables?

Define and explain the reason for using time sampling and situation sampling in naturalistic observation.

Under which of the following circumstances is a participant observer more likely to have a significant effect on the behavior of the subjects being observed?

A researcher seeks to describe behavior at an airport security screening area during a busy holiday travel time.Because there are far too many people for the researcher to observe effectively,she should use

Researchers who studied beer drinking among college students made their observations in five town bars,a student center,and a fraternity party.They were better able to generalize their findings because they used

In order to minimize observer bias,researchers should

Introduction

The Scientific Method

Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research

Survey Research

Independent Groups Designs

Repeated Measures Designs

Complex Designs

Single-Case Research Designs

Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part Idescribing Data, confidence Intervals, correlation

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part Iitests of Statistical Significance and the Analysis Story

Communication in Psychology

Filters

Exam 4: Observation

When people change their usual behavior because they know they are being observed,the problem of ______________ has occurred.

Define observer bias and describe the best way to reduce this problem in a research study.

Two ethical issues researchers face when observing naturally occurring behavior (e.g.,messages)during online discussions are

When researchers' expectations about behavior lead to systematic errors in identifying and recording behavior,_________________ is a problem.

One main disadvantage of structured observation is

The distinction between natural-use traces and controlled-use traces is similar to the distinction between

Low interobserver reliability is likely to result because of

A researcher uses archival records to investigate whether divorce rates in a city change following major catastrophes (e.g.,hurricane,terrorism).This represents the use of

The process of abstracting and summarizing behavioral data from narrative records,including identifying categories and themes,is called

Reactivity is a research problem because when it occurs,

Describe the two main methods for indirect (unobtrusive)observation and the important advantage these methods have over direct observation.

The two pieces of information obtained from a correlation coefficient are

Which of the following correlations represents the greatest predictive relationship between two variables?

Define and explain the reason for using time sampling and situation sampling in naturalistic observation.

Under which of the following circumstances is a participant observer more likely to have a significant effect on the behavior of the subjects being observed?

A researcher seeks to describe behavior at an airport security screening area during a busy holiday travel time.Because there are far too many people for the researcher to observe effectively,she should use

Researchers who studied beer drinking among college students made their observations in five town bars,a student center,and a fraternity party.They were better able to generalize their findings because they used

In order to minimize observer bias,researchers should

Introduction

The Scientific Method

Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research

Survey Research

Independent Groups Designs

Repeated Measures Designs

Complex Designs

Single-Case Research Designs

Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part Idescribing Data, confidence Intervals, correlation

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part Iitests of Statistical Significance and the Analysis Story

Communication in Psychology

Filters