Exam 3: India,China,and the Americas

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In the first decade of the twenty-first century,archeologists established a dating of 3500 to 2600 B.C.E.for two ancient Peruvian sites,Caral and Sechin Bajo.Located in the coastal region northwest of Lima,these sites (only two of many recently uncovered in the area)are as old as,or older than,the Egyptian pyramids and predate the Mayan and Aztec civilizations.Caral,a site with six pyramids,wide plazas,numerous residences,and a sunken amphitheater,probably supported a population that exceeded 3,000 people.The remains of cotton nets suggest that fishing complemented native agricultural production.Other artifacts,such as flutes made of bird bones and cornets (horns)made from deer and llama bones,suggest a music-loving culture.At Chankillo,a third site north of Lima,archeologists have identified a group of thirteen stone towers as a 2,300-year-old solar observatory.
Another early civilization in Meso-America was that of the Olmecs.The Olmecs established urban centers on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico,south of the modern-day Mexican city of Veracruz,where priestly rulers governed on behalf of the gods.This elite cadre oversaw the spiritual life of the community-a population consisting of farmers and artisans at the lower end of the social order,and a ruling nobility at the upper end.They raised temple-pyramids on clay platforms fitted with elaborate drainage systems,created a calendrical system,developed portraiture and mirrormaking,and practiced rituals involving human sacrifice.