Question 1

The average synonymous substitution rate in mammalian mitochondrial genes is ________ the average rate for nuclear genes.

Accepted Answer

A) 2 times 
B) 5 times 
C) 10 times 
D) 50 times 
E) 100 times 
A) 2 times 
B) 5 times 
C) 10 times 
D) 50 times 
E) 100 times

Question 2

Which of the following factors does not interfere with the interpretation of evolutionary time using the molecular clock?

Accepted Answer

A) Horizontal gene transfer 
B) Differences in generation time 
C) Mutations due to background cosmic radiation 
D) Different selection pressures on different taxonomic groups 
E) Differences in DNA repair efficiency in different taxonomic groups 
A) Horizontal gene transfer 
B) Differences in generation time 
C) Mutations due to background cosmic radiation 
D) Different selection pressures on different taxonomic groups 
E) Differences in DNA repair efficiency in different taxonomic groups

Question 3

It is not unusual for a phylogeny reconstruction to result in several equally robust phylogenetic trees that differ in their branching patterns.How can this be the case if evolution only took one true pathway?

Accepted Answer

Phylogeny reconstruction is in part a st

Question 4

The McDonald-Kreitman test is an important tool in molecular evolutionary analysis.What is this test,and what kinds of insights can it provide?

Accepted Answer

The test compares synonymous and nonsyno

Question 5

In a molecular-evolutionary analysis,you estimate the number of base substitutions per site (K)at 0.82.Given an estimated divergence time (T)of 10 million years based on the fossil record,what is the substitution rate (r)?

Accepted Answer

Using the relationsh

Question 6

High molecular similarity always reflects evolutionary relatedness.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

In most genes,the rate of synonymous mutations is significantly higher than that of nonsynonymous mutation.The MHC genes exhibit the reverse,having over twice as many nonsynonymous as synonymous mutations.Explain this phenomenon.

Accepted Answer

Synonymous mutations do not change the a

Question 8

Codon bias suggests that

Accepted Answer

A) some codons evolved earlier than others. 
B) not all nonsynonymous substitutions are neutral. 
C) some codons are selectively favored over others. 
D) small fitness effects can make a large difference over time. 
E) some tRNAs are more abundant than others. 
A) some codons evolved earlier than others. 
B) not all nonsynonymous substitutions are neutral. 
C) some codons are selectively favored over others. 
D) small fitness effects can make a large difference over time. 
E) some tRNAs are more abundant than others.

Question 9

Distinguish between a gene tree and a species tree.

Accepted Answer

Trees based on a single homologous gene

Question 10

What is the rationale behind the bootstrap procedure,in which trees are repeatedly reconstructed following resampling with replacement of the original data?

Accepted Answer

Phylogenetic bootstrapping gives an esti

Question 11

Maximum confidence is a procedure for reconstructing phylogenetic trees invoking the fewest number of steps or mutations.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

_______ tend(s)to occur more frequently than ________.

Accepted Answer

A) Synonymous substitutions,nonsynonymous substitutions 
B) Genetic divergence,genetic convergence 
C) Transitions,transversions 
D) A and B only 
E) A,B,and C 
A) Synonymous substitutions,nonsynonymous substitutions 
B) Genetic divergence,genetic convergence 
C) Transitions,transversions 
D) A and B only 
E) A,B,and C

Question 13

The counterpart to the use of mtDNA to reconstruct maternal lineages is the use of chloroplast DNA to reconstruct paternal lineages.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

The noncoding 5' flanking region of genes is more constrained by selection than the noncoding 3' flanking region.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

One of the lines of evidence supporting the theory that modern humans originated in Africa is that the modern-day human population of Africa contains the greatest diversity of genetic variants of any human population.Why is this consistent with the idea that humans first evolved in Africa?

Accepted Answer

The reasoning is that populations arisin

Question 16

Describe briefly the mechanisms that are thought to give rise to gene duplication and multigene families.

Accepted Answer

Gene duplication,arising from unequal cr

Question 17

Pseudogenes tend to have lower average substitution rates than functional genes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Higher substitution rates are seen in ________ than in ________.

Accepted Answer

A) coding regions,noncoding regions 
B) 5' flanking regions,3' flanking regions 
C) first codon positions,second codon positions 
D) introns,exons 
E) charged amino acid codons,noncharged amino acid codons 
A) coding regions,noncoding regions 
B) 5' flanking regions,3' flanking regions 
C) first codon positions,second codon positions 
D) introns,exons 
E) charged amino acid codons,noncharged amino acid codons

Question 19

In the following alignment of 12 base pairs,which sites are phylogenetically informative?
$\begin{array}{ll}
\text { Sequence 1 } & \text { ATTGGTATAAAA } \
\text { Sequence 2 } & \text { ATTAGTATAAAA } \
\text { Sequence 3 } & \text { ATTGGTATCAAA } \
\text { Sequence 4 } & \text { ATTAGTATCAAA }
\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

Only the fourth and

Question 20

Which of the following types of proteins evolves at the slowest rate?

Accepted Answer

A) Peptide hormones 
B) Collagen 
C) Insulin 
D) Histones 
E) Lipoprotein 
A) Peptide hormones 
B) Collagen 
C) Insulin 
D) Histones 
E) Lipoprotein

Exam 23: Molecular Evolution

The average synonymous substitution rate in mammalian mitochondrial genes is ________ the average rate for nuclear genes.

Which of the following factors does not interfere with the interpretation of evolutionary time using the molecular clock?

It is not unusual for a phylogeny reconstruction to result in several equally robust phylogenetic trees that differ in their branching patterns.How can this be the case if evolution only took one true pathway?

The McDonald-Kreitman test is an important tool in molecular evolutionary analysis.What is this test,and what kinds of insights can it provide?

In a molecular-evolutionary analysis,you estimate the number of base substitutions per site (K)at 0.82.Given an estimated divergence time (T)of 10 million years based on the fossil record,what is the substitution rate (r)?

High molecular similarity always reflects evolutionary relatedness.

In most genes,the rate of synonymous mutations is significantly higher than that of nonsynonymous mutation.The MHC genes exhibit the reverse,having over twice as many nonsynonymous as synonymous mutations.Explain this phenomenon.

Codon bias suggests that

Distinguish between a gene tree and a species tree.

What is the rationale behind the bootstrap procedure,in which trees are repeatedly reconstructed following resampling with replacement of the original data?

Maximum confidence is a procedure for reconstructing phylogenetic trees invoking the fewest number of steps or mutations.

_______ tend(s)to occur more frequently than ________.

The counterpart to the use of mtDNA to reconstruct maternal lineages is the use of chloroplast DNA to reconstruct paternal lineages.

The noncoding 5' flanking region of genes is more constrained by selection than the noncoding 3' flanking region.

One of the lines of evidence supporting the theory that modern humans originated in Africa is that the modern-day human population of Africa contains the greatest diversity of genetic variants of any human population.Why is this consistent with the idea that humans first evolved in Africa?

Describe briefly the mechanisms that are thought to give rise to gene duplication and multigene families.

Pseudogenes tend to have lower average substitution rates than functional genes.

Higher substitution rates are seen in ________ than in ________.

In the following alignment of 12 base pairs,which sites are phylogenetically informative? Sequence 1 ATTGGTATAAAA Sequence 2 ATTAGTATAAAA Sequence 3 ATTGGTATCAAA Sequence 4 ATTAGTATCAAA

Which of the following types of proteins evolves at the slowest rate?

Genetics: An Introduction

DNA: The Genetic Material

DNA Replication

Gene Function

Gene Expression: Transcription

Gene Expression: Translation

Dna Mutation, DNA Repair, and Transposable Elements

Genomics: The Mapping and Sequencing of Genomes

Functional and Comparative Genomics

Recombinant DNA Technology

Mendelian Genetics

Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

Extensions of and Deviations From Mendelian Genetic Principles

Genetic Mapping in Eukaryotes

Genetics of Bacteria and Bacteriophages

Variations in Chromosome Structure and Number

Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and Bacteriophages

Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Genetic Analysis of Development

Genetics of Cancer

Population Genetics

Quantitative Genetics

Filters

_ tend(s)to occur more frequently than __.

Higher substitution rates are seen in than in .