Question 1

Dr.Harrison used a statistical procedure to analyze the findings of 105 studies on the effects of exercise on mood.Identify the technique employed by him.

Accepted Answer

A)  Meta-analysis 
B)  Analysis of variance 
C)  Literature review 
D)  Causal analysis 
A)  Meta-analysis 
B)  Analysis of variance 
C)  Literature review 
D)  Causal analysis

Question 2

In the original Mozart effect study,researchers examined the effect of exposure to classical music on spatial reasoning.In this case,exposure to classical music and spatial reasoning are examples of _____ variables.

Accepted Answer

A)  concrete 
B)  conceptual 
C)  confounded 
D)  concurrent 
A)  concrete 
B)  conceptual 
C)  confounded 
D)  concurrent

Question 3

Which of the following best represents a meta-analysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Miller and Downey's (1999)work analyzing the results of 71 studies that examined the relationship between weight and self-esteem 
B)  The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 
C)  A study on the impact of conversation on driving by Drews and his colleagues (2008) 
D)  Smart's (1966)research that found that college students were studied in over 70 percent of the articles published between 1962 and 1964 
A)  Miller and Downey's (1999)work analyzing the results of 71 studies that examined the relationship between weight and self-esteem 
B)  The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 
C)  A study on the impact of conversation on driving by Drews and his colleagues (2008) 
D)  Smart's (1966)research that found that college students were studied in over 70 percent of the articles published between 1962 and 1964

Question 4

In studies that require human participants,the most common population studied consists of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  older people 
B)  children 
C)  college students 
D)  psychiatric patients 
A)  older people 
B)  children 
C)  college students 
D)  psychiatric patients

Question 5

The "Mozart effect" provides an interesting example of the importance of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  replications 
B)  statistical interactions 
C)  meta-analysis 
D)  interactions 
A)  replications 
B)  statistical interactions 
C)  meta-analysis 
D)  interactions

Question 6

_____ validity is the extent to which findings may be generalized,while _____ validity refers to the ability to infer that there is a causal relationship between variables.

Accepted Answer

A)  Construct;statistical 
B)  Statistical;construct 
C)  Internal;external 
D)  External;internal 
A)  Construct;statistical 
B)  Statistical;construct 
C)  Internal;external 
D)  External;internal

Question 7

In a _____,the researcher combines the actual results of a number of studies in which the analysis consists of a set of statistical procedures that employ effect sizes to compare a given finding across many different studies.

Accepted Answer

A)  combined assignment 
B)  field experiment 
C)  literature review 
D)  meta-analysis 
A)  combined assignment 
B)  field experiment 
C)  literature review 
D)  meta-analysis

Question 8

Why are conceptual replications considered important in the field of social sciences?

Accepted Answer

A)  They allow statistical conclusions and identify trends in the literature. 
B)  They take into consideration the fact that prior findings are a prerequisite for conceptual replications to occur. 
C)  They allow researchers to precisely replicate the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained. 
D)  They use complex variables that can be operationalized in different ways. 
A)  They allow statistical conclusions and identify trends in the literature. 
B)  They take into consideration the fact that prior findings are a prerequisite for conceptual replications to occur. 
C)  They allow researchers to precisely replicate the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained. 
D)  They use complex variables that can be operationalized in different ways.

Question 9

According to Rosenthal and Rosnow,when compared to nonvolunteers,volunteers tend to be:

Accepted Answer

A)  highly educated. 
B)  of a lower socioeconomic status. 
C)  less in need of approval. 
D)  more unsociable. 
A)  highly educated. 
B)  of a lower socioeconomic status. 
C)  less in need of approval. 
D)  more unsociable.

Question 10

Failures to replicate findings share the same problems as _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  nonsignificant findings 
B)  actual findings 
C)  Type I errors 
D)  Type II errors 
A)  nonsignificant findings 
B)  actual findings 
C)  Type I errors 
D)  Type II errors

Question 11

Which of the following is true of a meta-analysis when evaluating generalizations?

Accepted Answer

A)  In a meta-analysis,a reviewer writes a paper that summarizes and evaluates the literature. 
B)  Researchers traditionally draw conclusions about the external validity of research findings by conducting a meta-analysis. 
C)  Meta-analysis is a method for determining the reliability of a finding by examining the results from many different studies. 
D)  The conclusions in a meta-analysis are based on the subjective impressions of the reviewer. 
A)  In a meta-analysis,a reviewer writes a paper that summarizes and evaluates the literature. 
B)  Researchers traditionally draw conclusions about the external validity of research findings by conducting a meta-analysis. 
C)  Meta-analysis is a method for determining the reliability of a finding by examining the results from many different studies. 
D)  The conclusions in a meta-analysis are based on the subjective impressions of the reviewer.

Question 12

A _____ identifies trends in the literature,whereas a(n)_____ allows statistical,quantitative conclusions about the research.

Accepted Answer

A)  conceptual replication;narrative literature review 
B)  narrative literature review;meta-analysis 
C)  meta-analysis;exact replication 
D)  meta-analysis;conceptual replication 
A)  conceptual replication;narrative literature review 
B)  narrative literature review;meta-analysis 
C)  meta-analysis;exact replication 
D)  meta-analysis;conceptual replication

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true about pretests?

Accepted Answer

A)  One drawback of a pretest is that it fails to provide a researcher with an assessment of the attrition effects. 
B)  A pretest acts as a hindrance when determining whether the people who withdrew are different from those who completed the study. 
C)  It is often a misconception that simply taking a pretest may cause subjects to behave differently than they would without the pretest. 
D)  Pretesting may limit the ability to generalize to populations that did not receive a pretest. 
A)  One drawback of a pretest is that it fails to provide a researcher with an assessment of the attrition effects. 
B)  A pretest acts as a hindrance when determining whether the people who withdrew are different from those who completed the study. 
C)  It is often a misconception that simply taking a pretest may cause subjects to behave differently than they would without the pretest. 
D)  Pretesting may limit the ability to generalize to populations that did not receive a pretest.

Question 14

Which of the following in a study is most likely to produce better external validity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Using a random sample 
B)  Employing nonequivalent groups 
C)  Including only male subjects 
D)  Having a single experimenter 
A)  Using a random sample 
B)  Employing nonequivalent groups 
C)  Including only male subjects 
D)  Having a single experimenter

Question 15

Meta-analysis consists of a set of statistical procedures that employ _____ to compare a given finding across many different studies.

Accepted Answer

A)  exact replications 
B)  statistical interactions 
C)  conceptual replications 
D)  effect sizes 
A)  exact replications 
B)  statistical interactions 
C)  conceptual replications 
D)  effect sizes

Question 16

In attempting to study police officers' attitudes toward their supervisors,Alex surveys 25 police officers working in the day shift.In this case,what can help Alex ensure that his findings have external validity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Using a larger sample of officers working in the day shift 
B)  Randomly assigning officers to work under specific supervisors 
C)  Surveying officers from all shifts in the department 
D)  Using confounding variables 
A)  Using a larger sample of officers working in the day shift 
B)  Randomly assigning officers to work under specific supervisors 
C)  Surveying officers from all shifts in the department 
D)  Using confounding variables

Question 17

Which of the following is a common feature of literature reviews and meta-analyses?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both literature reviews and meta-analyses identify trends in the literature and directions for future study. 
B)  Both literature reviews and meta-analyses allow quantitative conclusions. 
C)  Both literature reviews and meta-analyses allow statistical conclusions. 
D)  Both literature reviews and meta-analyses begin with a body of previous research. 
A)  Both literature reviews and meta-analyses identify trends in the literature and directions for future study. 
B)  Both literature reviews and meta-analyses allow quantitative conclusions. 
C)  Both literature reviews and meta-analyses allow statistical conclusions. 
D)  Both literature reviews and meta-analyses begin with a body of previous research.

Question 18

Conceptual replications allow a researcher to:

Accepted Answer

A)  replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained. 
B)  point out inconsistent findings and areas in which research is lacking. 
C)  have greater confidence in the generalizability of relationships between variables if they produce similar results. 
D)  identify trends in the literature and provide directions for future study. 
A)  replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained. 
B)  point out inconsistent findings and areas in which research is lacking. 
C)  have greater confidence in the generalizability of relationships between variables if they produce similar results. 
D)  identify trends in the literature and provide directions for future study.

Question 19

What are the two types of replications?

Accepted Answer

A)  Procedural and exact replications 
B)  Conceptual and strategic replications 
C)  Exact and conceptual replications 
D)  Strategic and procedural replications 
A)  Procedural and exact replications 
B)  Conceptual and strategic replications 
C)  Exact and conceptual replications 
D)  Strategic and procedural replications

Question 20

Using the Internet for research may lower the external validity of a study because users are more likely to share similar characteristics.In this case,volunteers of online surveys are likely to:

Accepted Answer

A)  be college educated. 
B)  have a lower income. 
C)  live in rural areas. 
D)  be older adults. 
A)  be college educated. 
B)  have a lower income. 
C)  live in rural areas. 
D)  be older adults.

Dr.Harrison used a statistical procedure to analyze the findings of 105 studies on the effects of exercise on mood.Identify the technique employed by him.

In the original Mozart effect study,researchers examined the effect of exposure to classical music on spatial reasoning.In this case,exposure to classical music and spatial reasoning are examples of _____ variables.

Which of the following best represents a meta-analysis?

In studies that require human participants,the most common population studied consists of _____.

The "Mozart effect" provides an interesting example of the importance of _____.

_ validity is the extent to which findings may be generalized,while _ validity refers to the ability to infer that there is a causal relationship between variables.

In a _____,the researcher combines the actual results of a number of studies in which the analysis consists of a set of statistical procedures that employ effect sizes to compare a given finding across many different studies.

Why are conceptual replications considered important in the field of social sciences?

According to Rosenthal and Rosnow,when compared to nonvolunteers,volunteers tend to be:

Failures to replicate findings share the same problems as _____.

Which of the following is true of a meta-analysis when evaluating generalizations?

A _ identifies trends in the literature,whereas a(n)_ allows statistical,quantitative conclusions about the research.

Which of the following statements is true about pretests?

Which of the following in a study is most likely to produce better external validity?

Meta-analysis consists of a set of statistical procedures that employ _____ to compare a given finding across many different studies.

In attempting to study police officers' attitudes toward their supervisors,Alex surveys 25 police officers working in the day shift.In this case,what can help Alex ensure that his findings have external validity?

Which of the following is a common feature of literature reviews and meta-analyses?

Conceptual replications allow a researcher to:

What are the two types of replications?

Using the Internet for research may lower the external validity of a study because users are more likely to share similar characteristics.In this case,volunteers of online surveys are likely to:

Scientific Understanding of Behavior

Where to Start

Ethics in Behavioral Research

Fundamental Research Issues

Measurement Concepts

Observational Methods

Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research

Experimental Design

Conducting Experiments

Complex Experimental Designs

Single-Case, Quasi-Experimental, and Developmental Research

Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation

Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference

Filters

Exam 14: Generalization

Dr.Harrison used a statistical procedure to analyze the findings of 105 studies on the effects of exercise on mood.Identify the technique employed by him.

In the original Mozart effect study,researchers examined the effect of exposure to classical music on spatial reasoning.In this case,exposure to classical music and spatial reasoning are examples of _____ variables.

Which of the following best represents a meta-analysis?

In studies that require human participants,the most common population studied consists of _____.

The "Mozart effect" provides an interesting example of the importance of _____.

_____ validity is the extent to which findings may be generalized,while _____ validity refers to the ability to infer that there is a causal relationship between variables.

In a _____,the researcher combines the actual results of a number of studies in which the analysis consists of a set of statistical procedures that employ effect sizes to compare a given finding across many different studies.

Why are conceptual replications considered important in the field of social sciences?

According to Rosenthal and Rosnow,when compared to nonvolunteers,volunteers tend to be:

Failures to replicate findings share the same problems as _____.

Which of the following is true of a meta-analysis when evaluating generalizations?

A _____ identifies trends in the literature,whereas a(n)_____ allows statistical,quantitative conclusions about the research.

Which of the following statements is true about pretests?

Which of the following in a study is most likely to produce better external validity?

Meta-analysis consists of a set of statistical procedures that employ _____ to compare a given finding across many different studies.

In attempting to study police officers' attitudes toward their supervisors,Alex surveys 25 police officers working in the day shift.In this case,what can help Alex ensure that his findings have external validity?

Which of the following is a common feature of literature reviews and meta-analyses?

Conceptual replications allow a researcher to:

What are the two types of replications?

Using the Internet for research may lower the external validity of a study because users are more likely to share similar characteristics.In this case,volunteers of online surveys are likely to:

Scientific Understanding of Behavior

Where to Start

Ethics in Behavioral Research

Fundamental Research Issues

Measurement Concepts

Observational Methods

Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research

Experimental Design

Conducting Experiments

Complex Experimental Designs

Single-Case, Quasi-Experimental, and Developmental Research

Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation

Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference

Filters

_ validity is the extent to which findings may be generalized,while _ validity refers to the ability to infer that there is a causal relationship between variables.

A _ identifies trends in the literature,whereas a(n)_ allows statistical,quantitative conclusions about the research.