Question 1

One solution to the problem of generalizing to other experimenters is to use _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  two or more experimenters 
B)  a field experimental technique 
C)  computers to test participants 
D)  quasi-experiments 
A)  two or more experimenters 
B)  a field experimental technique 
C)  computers to test participants 
D)  quasi-experiments A

Question 2

Which of the following is true of exact replications?

Accepted Answer

A)  An exact replication is the use of different procedures to replicate a research finding. 
B)  Exact replications are even more important than conceptual replications in furthering one's understanding of behavior. 
C)  In exact replications,the same independent variable is operationalized in a different way. 
D)  Exact replications often occur when a researcher builds on the findings of a prior study. 
A)  An exact replication is the use of different procedures to replicate a research finding. 
B)  Exact replications are even more important than conceptual replications in furthering one's understanding of behavior. 
C)  In exact replications,the same independent variable is operationalized in a different way. 
D)  Exact replications often occur when a researcher builds on the findings of a prior study. D

Question 3

Which statement reflects the finding of the study conducted by Bushman and Wells (2001)on narrative reviews and meta-analyses?

Accepted Answer

A)  Knowledge of meta-analysis can improve the way that one interprets information for literature reviews. 
B)  In a meta-analysis,it is difficult to provide the type of general conclusion that can be reached with the traditional literature review. 
C)  By organizing and evaluating previously published material,authors of literature reviews consider the progress of research toward clarifying a problem. 
D)  The conclusions in meta-analyses and literature reviews are based on the objective impressions of the reviewer. 
A)  Knowledge of meta-analysis can improve the way that one interprets information for literature reviews. 
B)  In a meta-analysis,it is difficult to provide the type of general conclusion that can be reached with the traditional literature review. 
C)  By organizing and evaluating previously published material,authors of literature reviews consider the progress of research toward clarifying a problem. 
D)  The conclusions in meta-analyses and literature reviews are based on the objective impressions of the reviewer. A

Question 4

What does a Solomon four-group design assess?

Accepted Answer

A)  The impact of taking the pretest 
B)  The significance of a simple factorial design 
C)  The limits of external validity of a study 
D)  The impact of independent variables under highly controlled settings 
A)  The impact of taking the pretest 
B)  The significance of a simple factorial design 
C)  The limits of external validity of a study 
D)  The impact of independent variables under highly controlled settings

Question 5

A(n)_____ replication is an attempt to replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained.

Accepted Answer

A)  abstract 
B)  conceptual 
C)  exact 
D)  procedural 
A)  abstract 
B)  conceptual 
C)  exact 
D)  procedural

Question 6

Which of the following is true of conceptual replications?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are an attempt to replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained. 
B)  They occur when a researcher builds on the findings of a prior study. 
C)  They are not important in the social sciences because the variables used cannot be operationalized in different ways. 
D)  They are more important than exact replications in furthering one's understanding of behavior. 
A)  They are an attempt to replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained. 
B)  They occur when a researcher builds on the findings of a prior study. 
C)  They are not important in the social sciences because the variables used cannot be operationalized in different ways. 
D)  They are more important than exact replications in furthering one's understanding of behavior.

Question 7

Compared to the general population,college students tend to have _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  a well-developed sense of self-identity 
B)  a low need for peer approval 
C)  low cognitive skills 
D)  unstable peer relationships 
A)  a well-developed sense of self-identity 
B)  a low need for peer approval 
C)  low cognitive skills 
D)  unstable peer relationships

Question 8

Which of the following statements is least likely to be correct about the results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both tend to produce the same results. 
B)  The effect size of the independent variable on the dependent variable is very similar in the two types of studies. 
C)  Laboratory and field experiments should be considered in isolation. 
D)  The results tend to be complementary rather than contradictory. 
A)  Both tend to produce the same results. 
B)  The effect size of the independent variable on the dependent variable is very similar in the two types of studies. 
C)  Laboratory and field experiments should be considered in isolation. 
D)  The results tend to be complementary rather than contradictory.

Question 9

One way to assess whether pretesting creates a generalization problem is to:

Accepted Answer

A)  use simple random sampling rather than purposive sampling. 
B)  conduct the same experiment with and without the pretest. 
C)  ask participants whether the pretests were a problem. 
D)  use a double-blind technique. 
A)  use simple random sampling rather than purposive sampling. 
B)  conduct the same experiment with and without the pretest. 
C)  ask participants whether the pretests were a problem. 
D)  use a double-blind technique.

Question 10

A researcher replicates a past study that manipulates the physical attractiveness of a defendant by using photographs instead of written descriptions.This technique would be an example of _____ replication.

Accepted Answer

A)  procedural 
B)  abstract 
C)  exact 
D)  conceptual 
A)  procedural 
B)  abstract 
C)  exact 
D)  conceptual

Question 11

To examine the effects of drug therapy on depression,Mark located 45 studies using drug therapy with adults diagnosed with depression.Studies that included other additional treatments were excluded.He performed a statistical analysis of the results of these studies and concluded that drug therapy was effective in treating depression.In this case,Mark has conducted a _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  literature review 
B)  meta-analysis 
C)  statistical review 
D)  causal analysis 
A)  literature review 
B)  meta-analysis 
C)  statistical review 
D)  causal analysis

Question 12

Research on the results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables suggests that:

Accepted Answer

A)  the effect size of the independent variable on the dependent variable is very similar. 
B)  the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable is marked by dissimilarity. 
C)  independent variables in field experiments must be manipulated differently from laboratory experiments. 
D)  these experiments must be conducted in similar settings for the results to be complementary. 
A)  the effect size of the independent variable on the dependent variable is very similar. 
B)  the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable is marked by dissimilarity. 
C)  independent variables in field experiments must be manipulated differently from laboratory experiments. 
D)  these experiments must be conducted in similar settings for the results to be complementary.

Question 13

_____ of results is a way of overcoming the problems of generalization that occur in a single study.

Accepted Answer

A)  Renormalization 
B)  Randomization 
C)  Revaluation 
D)  Replication 
A)  Renormalization 
B)  Randomization 
C)  Revaluation 
D)  Replication

Question 14

A factor that differentiates a meta-analysis from a narrative literature review is that a meta-analysis:

Accepted Answer

A)  focuses on effect size. 
B)  is more subjective. 
C)  summarizes what has been found. 
D)  is less accurate. 
A)  focuses on effect size. 
B)  is more subjective. 
C)  summarizes what has been found. 
D)  is less accurate.

Question 15

What is most likely to be true of a study conducted on a group of males to analyze the effects of room temperature on task performance?

Accepted Answer

A)  The study has high external validity. 
B)  Temperature does not affect men's task performance. 
C)  The findings of the study cannot be generalized to females. 
D)  Task performance is a confounding variable in the study. 
A)  The study has high external validity. 
B)  Temperature does not affect men's task performance. 
C)  The findings of the study cannot be generalized to females. 
D)  Task performance is a confounding variable in the study.

Question 16

Which of the following are ways by which researchers draw conclusions about the external validity of research findings?

Accepted Answer

A)  Literature reviews and meta-analyses 
B)  Conceptual and exact replications 
C)  Cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs 
D)  One-tailed tests and structural equation models 
A)  Literature reviews and meta-analyses 
B)  Conceptual and exact replications 
C)  Cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs 
D)  One-tailed tests and structural equation models

Question 17

Which of the following is likely to improve the external validity of a research study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Being sure that all participants have the same ethnic background 
B)  Including groups from various cultures 
C)  Using only first year students and sophomores as participants 
D)  Employing only one type of experimenter 
A)  Being sure that all participants have the same ethnic background 
B)  Including groups from various cultures 
C)  Using only first year students and sophomores as participants 
D)  Employing only one type of experimenter

Question 18

When the results of a study can be generalized to other subject populations,the study is said to have _____ validity.

Accepted Answer

A)  statistical 
B)  internal 
C)  external 
D)  construct 
A)  statistical 
B)  internal 
C)  external 
D)  construct

Question 19

One way to increase one's knowledge of generalization to other subject populations is to:

Accepted Answer

A)  avoid including variables like gender,age,or ethnic group in the experimental design. 
B)  use relevant and appropriate subject type variables in the experimental design. 
C)  use volunteers only. 
D)  prohibit research on animals. 
A)  avoid including variables like gender,age,or ethnic group in the experimental design. 
B)  use relevant and appropriate subject type variables in the experimental design. 
C)  use volunteers only. 
D)  prohibit research on animals.

Question 20

Identify the risk associated with pretests.

Accepted Answer

A)  A pretest does not necessarily enable a researcher to assess mortality effects. 
B)  A pretest does not accurately depict whether the people who withdrew were any different from those who completed the study. 
C)  A pretest tends to induce subjects to behave differently than they would without the pretest. 
D)  A pretest fails to provide accurate scores,although intuitively pretesting seems like a good idea. 
A)  A pretest does not necessarily enable a researcher to assess mortality effects. 
B)  A pretest does not accurately depict whether the people who withdrew were any different from those who completed the study. 
C)  A pretest tends to induce subjects to behave differently than they would without the pretest. 
D)  A pretest fails to provide accurate scores,although intuitively pretesting seems like a good idea.

One solution to the problem of generalizing to other experimenters is to use _____.

Which of the following is true of exact replications?

Which statement reflects the finding of the study conducted by Bushman and Wells (2001)on narrative reviews and meta-analyses?

What does a Solomon four-group design assess?

A(n)_____ replication is an attempt to replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained.

Which of the following is true of conceptual replications?

Compared to the general population,college students tend to have _____.

Which of the following statements is least likely to be correct about the results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables?

One way to assess whether pretesting creates a generalization problem is to:

A researcher replicates a past study that manipulates the physical attractiveness of a defendant by using photographs instead of written descriptions.This technique would be an example of _____ replication.

Research on the results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables suggests that:

_____ of results is a way of overcoming the problems of generalization that occur in a single study.

A factor that differentiates a meta-analysis from a narrative literature review is that a meta-analysis:

What is most likely to be true of a study conducted on a group of males to analyze the effects of room temperature on task performance?

Which of the following are ways by which researchers draw conclusions about the external validity of research findings?

Which of the following is likely to improve the external validity of a research study?

When the results of a study can be generalized to other subject populations,the study is said to have _____ validity.

One way to increase one's knowledge of generalization to other subject populations is to:

Identify the risk associated with pretests.

Scientific Understanding of Behavior

Where to Start

Ethics in Behavioral Research

Fundamental Research Issues

Measurement Concepts

Observational Methods

Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research

Experimental Design

Conducting Experiments

Complex Experimental Designs

Single-Case, Quasi-Experimental, and Developmental Research

Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation

Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference

Filters

Exam 14: Generalization

One solution to the problem of generalizing to other experimenters is to use _____.

Which of the following is true of exact replications?

Which statement reflects the finding of the study conducted by Bushman and Wells (2001)on narrative reviews and meta-analyses?

What does a Solomon four-group design assess?

A(n)_____ replication is an attempt to replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained.

Which of the following is true of conceptual replications?

Compared to the general population,college students tend to have _____.

Which of the following statements is least likely to be correct about the results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables?

One way to assess whether pretesting creates a generalization problem is to:

A researcher replicates a past study that manipulates the physical attractiveness of a defendant by using photographs instead of written descriptions.This technique would be an example of _____ replication.

Research on the results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables suggests that:

_____ of results is a way of overcoming the problems of generalization that occur in a single study.

A factor that differentiates a meta-analysis from a narrative literature review is that a meta-analysis:

What is most likely to be true of a study conducted on a group of males to analyze the effects of room temperature on task performance?

Which of the following are ways by which researchers draw conclusions about the external validity of research findings?

Which of the following is likely to improve the external validity of a research study?

When the results of a study can be generalized to other subject populations,the study is said to have _____ validity.

One way to increase one's knowledge of generalization to other subject populations is to:

Identify the risk associated with pretests.

Scientific Understanding of Behavior

Where to Start

Ethics in Behavioral Research

Fundamental Research Issues

Measurement Concepts

Observational Methods

Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research

Experimental Design

Conducting Experiments

Complex Experimental Designs

Single-Case, Quasi-Experimental, and Developmental Research

Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation

Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference

Filters