Question 1

The given-new contract is a method for creating

Accepted Answer

A)  coherence in people's conversations. 
B)  children's mastery of syntax. 
C)  resolution of a lexically ambiguous sentence. 
D)  anaphoric inferences between consecutive sentences. 
A)  coherence in people's conversations. 
B)  children's mastery of syntax. 
C)  resolution of a lexically ambiguous sentence. 
D)  anaphoric inferences between consecutive sentences.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Word frequency effect 
B)  Word superiority effect 
C)  Phonemic restoration effect 
D)  The lexical decision task 
A)  Word frequency effect 
B)  Word superiority effect 
C)  Phonemic restoration effect 
D)  The lexical decision task

Question 3

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that

Accepted Answer

A)  had a large number of sophisticated language systems. 
B)  had languages that were more primitive than languages of most non-isolated societies. 
C)  communicated by hand signals but not verbal language as we know it. 
D)  had just a few language systems that were all governed by similar rules. 
A)  had a large number of sophisticated language systems. 
B)  had languages that were more primitive than languages of most non-isolated societies. 
C)  communicated by hand signals but not verbal language as we know it. 
D)  had just a few language systems that were all governed by similar rules.

Question 4

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people initially access

Accepted Answer

A)  only the meaning of an ambiguous word that is consistent with the context. 
B)  multiple meanings of an ambiguous word. 
C)  the appropriate meaning of an ambiguous word based on syntax. 
D)  the appropriate meaning of an ambiguous word based on the principle of late closure. 
A)  only the meaning of an ambiguous word that is consistent with the context. 
B)  multiple meanings of an ambiguous word. 
C)  the appropriate meaning of an ambiguous word based on syntax. 
D)  the appropriate meaning of an ambiguous word based on the principle of late closure.

Question 5

Ron is an avid reader.He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary.Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's

Accepted Answer

A)  lexicon. 
B)  parser. 
C)  syntactical capacity. 
D)  mental set. 
A)  lexicon. 
B)  parser. 
C)  syntactical capacity. 
D)  mental set.

Question 6

Swinney did an experiment in which he presented participants with the sentence, "The man was not surprised to find several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room." He found that immediately after hearing the word "bug," the participants accessed

Accepted Answer

A)  only the "insect" meaning of the word. 
B)  both the "insect" and the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word. 
C)  only the "hidden listening device" meaning of the word. 
D)  neither the "insect" nor the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word. 
A)  only the "insect" meaning of the word. 
B)  both the "insect" and the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word. 
C)  only the "hidden listening device" meaning of the word. 
D)  neither the "insect" nor the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word.

Question 7

Discuss how people perceive separate words in spoken sentences.Describe speech segmentation and discuss the role of context in this process.

Accepted Answer

Speech segmentation helps people to perc

Question 8

Your research advisor asks you to create stimuli for a discourse processing experiment to be run in the lab.Most likely, you would create stimuli where each trial you present a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  word. 
B)  word or non-word letter string. 
C)  ambiguous sentence. 
D)  paragraph of text. 
A)  word. 
B)  word or non-word letter string. 
C)  ambiguous sentence. 
D)  paragraph of text.

Question 9

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with ____ brain mechanisms.

Accepted Answer

A)  the same 
B)  different 
A)  the same 
B)  different

Question 10

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

Accepted Answer

A)  Common words "cat, boat" and uncommon words "peon, furtive" 
B)  Concrete words "window, monkey" and abstract words "doubt, energy" 
C)  Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk" 
D)  Correctly spelled words "speech, potato" and misspelled words "speach, potatoe" 
A)  Common words "cat, boat" and uncommon words "peon, furtive" 
B)  Concrete words "window, monkey" and abstract words "doubt, energy" 
C)  Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk" 
D)  Correctly spelled words "speech, potato" and misspelled words "speach, potatoe"

Question 11

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story.This property is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  hierarchical structure. 
B)  relational organization. 
C)  parallel organization. 
D)  propositional representation. 
A)  hierarchical structure. 
B)  relational organization. 
C)  parallel organization. 
D)  propositional representation.

Question 12

Noam Chomsky proposed that

Accepted Answer

A)  humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language. 
B)  language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement. 
C)  as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before. 
D)  the underlying basis of language is different across cultures. 
A)  humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language. 
B)  language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement. 
C)  as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before. 
D)  the underlying basis of language is different across cultures.

Question 13

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  parsing. 
B)  temporary ambiguity. 
C)  speech segmentation. 
D)  lexical priming. 
A)  parsing. 
B)  temporary ambiguity. 
C)  speech segmentation. 
D)  lexical priming.

Question 14

In an eye movement study, Rayner and coworkers had participants read sentences that contained either a high- or low- frequency target word.For example, the sentence "Sam wore the horrid coat though his ____ girlfriend complained," contained either the target word "pretty" or "demure." Results showed the participants' _____ was shorter for the target word _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  eye movement; pretty 
B)  eye movement; demure 
C)  fixation; pretty 
D)  fixation; demure 
A)  eye movement; pretty 
B)  eye movement; demure 
C)  fixation; pretty 
D)  fixation; demure

Question 15

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hierarchical structure 
B)  Communication 
C)  Governed by rules 
D)  all of these make human language unique 
A)  Hierarchical structure 
B)  Communication 
C)  Governed by rules 
D)  all of these make human language unique

Question 16

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify

Accepted Answer

A)  100% of the words spoken by their own voices. 
B)  50% of the words spoken by their own voices. 
C)  50% of the words spoken by others with an accent similar to theirs. 
D)  none of the words spoken by others. 
A)  100% of the words spoken by their own voices. 
B)  50% of the words spoken by their own voices. 
C)  50% of the words spoken by others with an accent similar to theirs. 
D)  none of the words spoken by others.

Question 17

Coherence refers to the

Accepted Answer

A)  mental process by which readers create information during reading that is not explicitly stated in the text. 
B)  principle that we process information in isolation before we link it to its context. 
C)  mental process whereby ambiguity is resolved online during sentence reading. 
D)  representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text. 
A)  mental process by which readers create information during reading that is not explicitly stated in the text. 
B)  principle that we process information in isolation before we link it to its context. 
C)  mental process whereby ambiguity is resolved online during sentence reading. 
D)  representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

Question 18

Syntax is

Accepted Answer

A)  the rules for combining words into sentences. 
B)  the meanings of words. 
C)  the way people pronounce words in conversational speech. 
D)  the mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases. 
A)  the rules for combining words into sentences. 
B)  the meanings of words. 
C)  the way people pronounce words in conversational speech. 
D)  the mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases.

Question 19

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him."
The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?

Accepted Answer

A)  "Because he always jogs" 
B)  "Because he always jogs a mile" 
C)  "he always jogs" 
D)  "a mile seems" 
A)  "Because he always jogs" 
B)  "Because he always jogs a mile" 
C)  "he always jogs" 
D)  "a mile seems"

Question 20

Describe how lexical ambiguity can be studied using a priming lexical decision task.Define lexical ambiguity and give an example of a sentence or text passage containing an ambiguous word.Mention three test stimuli to be used in the lexical decision task.Discuss lexical decision results for synchronous presentation with the ambiguous word and delayed presentation (200 ms after the ambiguous word).What do these results indicate about our processing of ambiguous words?

Accepted Answer

Lexical ambiguity refers to the phenomen

The given-new contract is a method for creating

Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning?

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people initially access

Swinney did an experiment in which he presented participants with the sentence, "The man was not surprised to find several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room." He found that immediately after hearing the word "bug," the participants accessed

Discuss how people perceive separate words in spoken sentences.Describe speech segmentation and discuss the role of context in this process.

Your research advisor asks you to create stimuli for a discourse processing experiment to be run in the lab.Most likely, you would create stimuli where each trial you present a(n)

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with ____ brain mechanisms.

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story.This property is known as

Noam Chomsky proposed that

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify

Coherence refers to the

Syntax is

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Neuroscience

Perception

Attention

Short-Term and Working Memory

Long-Term Memory--Structure

Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval

Everyday Memory and Memory Errors

Knowledge

Visual Imagery

Problem Solving

Reasoning and Decision Making

Filters

Exam 11: Language

The given-new contract is a method for creating

Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning?

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people initially access

Swinney did an experiment in which he presented participants with the sentence, "The man was not surprised to find several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room." He found that immediately after hearing the word "bug," the participants accessed

Discuss how people perceive separate words in spoken sentences.Describe speech segmentation and discuss the role of context in this process.

Your research advisor asks you to create stimuli for a discourse processing experiment to be run in the lab.Most likely, you would create stimuli where each trial you present a(n)

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with ____ brain mechanisms.

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story.This property is known as

Noam Chomsky proposed that

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify

Coherence refers to the

Syntax is

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Neuroscience

Perception

Attention

Short-Term and Working Memory

Long-Term Memory--Structure

Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval

Everyday Memory and Memory Errors

Knowledge

Visual Imagery

Problem Solving

Reasoning and Decision Making

Filters