Question 1

Excess protein intake can result in ________.

Accepted Answer

A) diabetes 
B) iron deficiency 
C) loss of calcium 
D) excess fiber intake 
A) diabetes 
B) iron deficiency 
C) loss of calcium 
D) excess fiber intake C

Question 2

Define the four levels of protein organization.

Accepted Answer

The four levels of protein organization refer to the structural complexity within a protein molecule. These levels are crucial for understanding how proteins fold and what shapes they adopt, which in turn determines their functions in biological systems. The four levels are:

1. **Primary Structure**: This is the most basic level of protein structure. The primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids as encoded by the corresponding gene. This sequence determines the protein's unique characteristics and the subsequent levels of structure. The amino acids are linked by peptide bonds, forming a polypeptide chain.

2. **Secondary Structure**: The secondary structure refers to the local folded structures that form within a polypeptide due to hydrogen bonding between the backbone atoms. The most common secondary structures are alpha helices and beta sheets. Alpha helices are right-handed coils stabilized by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid. Beta sheets consist of beta strands connected laterally by at least two or three backbone hydrogen bonds, forming a twisted, pleated sheet. Turns and loops are other types of secondary structures that connect the more regular alpha helices and beta sheets.

3. **Tertiary Structure**: The tertiary structure is the three-dimensional shape of a single protein molecule. The spatial arrangement of the secondary structures within a protein is stabilized by various interactions, including hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and ionic bonds. The tertiary structure is critical for the protein's functionality.

4. **Quaternary Structure**: This level of structure is present in proteins with multiple polypeptide chains, known as subunits. The quaternary structure refers to the arrangement and interaction of these subunits in a multi-subunit complex. The interactions between subunits are similar to those that stabilize the tertiary structure, including hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, and hydrophobic effects. The quaternary structure is essential for the function of many proteins, such as hemoglobin, which has four subunits that work together to transport oxygen in the blood.

Each level of protein structure is intricately connected to the next, and the final shape of a protein is crucial for its biological function. Misfolding of proteins can lead to a variety of diseases, highlighting the importance of proper protein folding and structure.

Question 3

When over 10 amino acids are chemically linked by peptide bonds, the resulting product is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

A) a dipeptide 
B) a tripeptide 
C) an oligopeptide 
D) a polypeptide 
A) a dipeptide 
B) a tripeptide 
C) an oligopeptide 
D) a polypeptide D

Question 4

What would be the recommended amount of protein for a 121-pound female?

Accepted Answer

A) 21 g/day 
B) 36 g/day 
C) 44 g/day 
D) 55 g/day 121 lbs / 2.2 lbs/kg = 55 kg
55 kg x 0.8 g/kg/day = 44 g/day 
A) 21 g/day 
B) 36 g/day 
C) 44 g/day 
D) 55 g/day 121 lbs / 2.2 lbs/kg = 55 kg
55 kg x 0.8 g/kg/day = 44 g/day

Question 5

_________ are compounds that help to maintain acid-base balance within a narrow range.

Accepted Answer

A) Antibodies 
B) Buffers 
C) Sterols 
D) Enzymes 
A) Antibodies 
B) Buffers 
C) Sterols 
D) Enzymes

Question 6

An excess intake of protein, especially from protein supplements, can increase the risk of amino acid toxicity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

What is a limiting amino acid?

Accepted Answer

A limiting amino acid is an essential am

Question 8

Signs of protein deficiency may include ________.

Accepted Answer

A) edema 
B) mild to moderate weight loss 
C) poor resistance to infection 
D) All of these choices are accurate 
A) edema 
B) mild to moderate weight loss 
C) poor resistance to infection 
D) All of these choices are accurate

Question 9

When 2 or more plant proteins are combined to compensate for deficiencies in essential amino acid content in each protein, the proteins are called ________.

Accepted Answer

A) nonessential proteins 
B) complementary proteins 
C) conditional proteins 
D) corrected proteins 
A) nonessential proteins 
B) complementary proteins 
C) conditional proteins 
D) corrected proteins

Question 10

List 3 nutrients that are likely to be low in a vegan diet.

Accepted Answer

A vegan diet excludes all animal product

Question 11

Explain why denaturation of a protein destroys its biological function.

Accepted Answer

Denaturation of a protein destroys its b

Question 12

Explain 3 functions of protein in the body.

Accepted Answer

Proteins play a crucial role in the huma

Question 13

Define and explain the importance of "protein turnover."

Accepted Answer

Protein turnover refers to the continuou

Question 14

Which of the following enzymes aids in digesting polypeptides into shorter peptides and amino acids?

Accepted Answer

A) lipase 
B) trypsin 
C) HCL 
D) lactase 
A) lipase 
B) trypsin 
C) HCL 
D) lactase

Question 15

Protein intakes above 35% of energy intake are associated with dehydration, amino acid imbalance, and increased risk of certain cancers.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Peanuts, cow's milk, and shellfish are among foods considered to be highly allergenic.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

After major surgery, hospital patients may be at risk of PEM due to ________.

Accepted Answer

A) poor prior health 
B) low dietary intakes 
C) increased needs for recovery 
D) All of these choices are correct 
A) poor prior health 
B) low dietary intakes 
C) increased needs for recovery 
D) All of these choices are correct

Question 18

Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where proteins are broken down into shorter polypeptide chains of amino acids.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Edema in the lower extremities may appear when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because ________.

Accepted Answer

A) sodium is retained in the body 
B) blood protein levels drop and fluid shifts into interstitial spaces 
C) blood protein levels increase and force fluid into the cells 
D) the kidneys cannot efficiently excrete excess fluid 
A) sodium is retained in the body 
B) blood protein levels drop and fluid shifts into interstitial spaces 
C) blood protein levels increase and force fluid into the cells 
D) the kidneys cannot efficiently excrete excess fluid

Question 20

If Krista consumes 65 grams of protein as part of a 1900-kcal diet, what percent of her total calories are from protein?

Accepted Answer

65 g protein x 4 kcal/g = 260

Excess protein intake can result in ________.

Define the four levels of protein organization.

When over 10 amino acids are chemically linked by peptide bonds, the resulting product is known as ________.

What would be the recommended amount of protein for a 121-pound female?

_________ are compounds that help to maintain acid-base balance within a narrow range.

An excess intake of protein, especially from protein supplements, can increase the risk of amino acid toxicity.

What is a limiting amino acid?

Signs of protein deficiency may include ________.

When 2 or more plant proteins are combined to compensate for deficiencies in essential amino acid content in each protein, the proteins are called ________.

List 3 nutrients that are likely to be low in a vegan diet.

Explain why denaturation of a protein destroys its biological function.

Explain 3 functions of protein in the body.

Define and explain the importance of "protein turnover."

Which of the following enzymes aids in digesting polypeptides into shorter peptides and amino acids?

Protein intakes above 35% of energy intake are associated with dehydration, amino acid imbalance, and increased risk of certain cancers.

Peanuts, cow's milk, and shellfish are among foods considered to be highly allergenic.

After major surgery, hospital patients may be at risk of PEM due to ________.

Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where proteins are broken down into shorter polypeptide chains of amino acids.

Edema in the lower extremities may appear when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because ________.

If Krista consumes 65 grams of protein as part of a 1900-kcal diet, what percent of her total calories are from protein?

The Science of Nutrition

Tools of a Healthy Diet

The Food Supply

Human Digestion and Absorption

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Alcohol

Energy Metabolism

Energy Balance, Weight Control, and Eating Disorders

Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports

Micronutrients: Vitamins and Minerals

Micronutrients in Energy and Amino Acid Metabolism

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Exam 7: Proteins

Excess protein intake can result in ________.

Define the four levels of protein organization.

When over 10 amino acids are chemically linked by peptide bonds, the resulting product is known as ________.

What would be the recommended amount of protein for a 121-pound female?

_________ are compounds that help to maintain acid-base balance within a narrow range.

An excess intake of protein, especially from protein supplements, can increase the risk of amino acid toxicity.

What is a limiting amino acid?

Signs of protein deficiency may include ________.

When 2 or more plant proteins are combined to compensate for deficiencies in essential amino acid content in each protein, the proteins are called ________.

List 3 nutrients that are likely to be low in a vegan diet.

Explain why denaturation of a protein destroys its biological function.

Explain 3 functions of protein in the body.

Define and explain the importance of "protein turnover."

Which of the following enzymes aids in digesting polypeptides into shorter peptides and amino acids?

Protein intakes above 35% of energy intake are associated with dehydration, amino acid imbalance, and increased risk of certain cancers.

Peanuts, cow's milk, and shellfish are among foods considered to be highly allergenic.

After major surgery, hospital patients may be at risk of PEM due to ________.

Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where proteins are broken down into shorter polypeptide chains of amino acids.

Edema in the lower extremities may appear when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because ________.

If Krista consumes 65 grams of protein as part of a 1900-kcal diet, what percent of her total calories are from protein?

The Science of Nutrition

Tools of a Healthy Diet

The Food Supply

Human Digestion and Absorption

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Alcohol

Energy Metabolism

Energy Balance, Weight Control, and Eating Disorders

Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports

Micronutrients: Vitamins and Minerals

Micronutrients in Energy and Amino Acid Metabolism

Fluid Balance and Blood Health

Bone Health and Body Defense Systems

Nutritional Aspects of Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Nutrition During the Growing Years

Nutrition During the Adult Years

Filters