Question 1

Which of the following types of motor behavior probably relies most on the function of a central pattern generator?

Accepted Answer

A) walking 
B) speaking 
C) drawing 
D) juggling 
A) walking 
B) speaking 
C) drawing 
D) juggling

Question 2

Where are the primary motor cortex, the premotor cortex, and the supplementary motor area located in the brain? What do we know about the different functions of these three areas?

Accepted Answer

The primary motor cortex, premotor corte

Question 3

A laboratory dog has had surgery to separate the spinal components of its motor system from the cortical and subcortical components. Which of the following best describes the motor abilities of this animal?

Accepted Answer

A) The dog is able to sit and roll over in response to commands. 
B) The dog can move proximal effectors normally, but not distal effectors. 
C) The dog demonstrates reflexive withdrawal of its foot in response to sudden stimulation. 
D) The dog is completely paralyzed from the neck down. 
A) The dog is able to sit and roll over in response to commands. 
B) The dog can move proximal effectors normally, but not distal effectors. 
C) The dog demonstrates reflexive withdrawal of its foot in response to sudden stimulation. 
D) The dog is completely paralyzed from the neck down.

Question 4

One limitation of most BMI systems is that they

Accepted Answer

A) do not use motor cortex activity from the individual controlling the prosthetic. 
B) use only visual feedback and not somatosensory feedback. 
C) are not capable of improved precision with user practice. 
D) require input from literally millions of neurons in order to work effectively. 
A) do not use motor cortex activity from the individual controlling the prosthetic. 
B) use only visual feedback and not somatosensory feedback. 
C) are not capable of improved precision with user practice. 
D) require input from literally millions of neurons in order to work effectively.

Question 5

Franz and colleagues (1996) asked a patient who had had his corpus callosum surgically severed to draw figures like the ones here, each simultaneously with a different hand.   Compared to neurologically intact control participants, they found that this patient

Accepted Answer

A) was better at producing movements simultaneously with both hands, even when they differed in direction. 
B) was selectively impaired when simultaneously producing movements with each hand when they differed in direction. 
C) performed poorly and was especially impaired when the figures closely resembled each other. 
D) was better at producing movements simultaneously with both hands only when they differed in direction. 
A) was better at producing movements simultaneously with both hands, even when they differed in direction. 
B) was selectively impaired when simultaneously producing movements with each hand when they differed in direction. 
C) performed poorly and was especially impaired when the figures closely resembled each other. 
D) was better at producing movements simultaneously with both hands only when they differed in direction.

Question 6

When a voluntary movement such as contracting one's right biceps is generated, what other signals, if any, must accompany this command?

Accepted Answer

A) A signal to antagonist muscles, such as the right triceps, to relax. 
B) A signal to antagonist muscles, such as the right triceps, to flex simultaneously. 
C) A signal to antagonist muscles, such as the left biceps, to relax. 
D) No other signal is necessary. 
A) A signal to antagonist muscles, such as the right triceps, to relax. 
B) A signal to antagonist muscles, such as the right triceps, to flex simultaneously. 
C) A signal to antagonist muscles, such as the left biceps, to relax. 
D) No other signal is necessary.

Question 7

What does it mean to say that the cerebellum uses a "forward model?" Support your answer with a real-life example and experimental evidence.

Accepted Answer

The concept of the cerebellum using a "f

Question 8

The supplementary motor area (SMA) is particularly active during externally guided movements.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Neurons in the spinal cord that can mediate sequences of motor actions even in the absence of external sensory feedback signals are called

Accepted Answer

A) proximal effectors. 
B) central pattern generators. 
C) alpha motor neurons. 
D) ventral root neurons. 
A) proximal effectors. 
B) central pattern generators. 
C) alpha motor neurons. 
D) ventral root neurons.

Question 10

Chapin's early work on a brain-machine interface (BMI) in rats used an online population vector that matched the _______ of the rats' movement.

Accepted Answer

A) direction 
B) force 
C) velocity 
D) complexity 
A) direction 
B) force 
C) velocity 
D) complexity

Question 11

Single-cell recording studies have indicated that the _______ may be especially important in the control of internally guided motor sequences, whereas the _______ may be especially important in the control of externally guided motor sequences.

Accepted Answer

A) supplementary motor cortex; premotor cortex 
B) premotor cortex; supplementary motor cortex 
C) basal ganglia; cerebellum 
D) cerebellum; basal ganglia 
A) supplementary motor cortex; premotor cortex 
B) premotor cortex; supplementary motor cortex 
C) basal ganglia; cerebellum 
D) cerebellum; basal ganglia

Question 12

With regard to motor cortex, a population vector is the

Accepted Answer

A) summed activity of the neurons in the motor cortex, including cells that are tuned to all directions. 
B) summed activity of the neurons in the motor cortex, including only cells that are tuned to the same preferred direction. 
C) total number of neurons that are tuned to the same preferred direction. 
D) preferred direction of a single neuron. 
A) summed activity of the neurons in the motor cortex, including cells that are tuned to all directions. 
B) summed activity of the neurons in the motor cortex, including only cells that are tuned to the same preferred direction. 
C) total number of neurons that are tuned to the same preferred direction. 
D) preferred direction of a single neuron.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT an effector?

Accepted Answer

A) the brain 
B) the jaw 
C) the arm 
D) the back 
A) the brain 
B) the jaw 
C) the arm 
D) the back

Question 14

Which of the following sets of elements is sufficient to produce an effective brain-machine interface?

Accepted Answer

A) a computer to generate artificial neuronal activity and a prosthetic limb 
B) an electrode array to record neural activity, a robotic arm, and a lever 
C) an electrode array to record neural activity, a prosthetic limb, and computer software that can interpret intended actions from neural activity 
D) All of the answer options are correct. 
A) a computer to generate artificial neuronal activity and a prosthetic limb 
B) an electrode array to record neural activity, a robotic arm, and a lever 
C) an electrode array to record neural activity, a prosthetic limb, and computer software that can interpret intended actions from neural activity 
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 15

Describe the affordance competition hypothesis and explain how single-cell recordings support the model.

Accepted Answer

The affordance competition hypothesis is

Question 16

A diagnosis of apraxia is mainly exclusionary: a person is said to have apraxia if he or she has a coordination problem that can't be linked to a deficit in controlling the muscles themselves.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Sherrington (1947) surgically disconnected spinal motor neurons from cortical and subcortical motor centers in laboratory animals. Which of the following statements is true about the subsequent motor behavior of these animals?

Accepted Answer

A) The animals could still generate voluntary movements, but reflexive responses were disrupted. 
B) Reflexive responses were intact, but complex voluntary movements were disrupted. 
C) The animals showed normal motor function as long as sensory inputs from the dorsal root were also severed. 
D) The animals became completely motionless and unresponsive to stimulation. 
A) The animals could still generate voluntary movements, but reflexive responses were disrupted. 
B) Reflexive responses were intact, but complex voluntary movements were disrupted. 
C) The animals showed normal motor function as long as sensory inputs from the dorsal root were also severed. 
D) The animals became completely motionless and unresponsive to stimulation.

Question 18

Loss of blood flow in the _______ is the most common cause of hemiplegia.

Accepted Answer

A) anterior cerebral artery 
B) vertebral artery 
C) middle cerebral artery 
D) circle of Willis 
A) anterior cerebral artery 
B) vertebral artery 
C) middle cerebral artery 
D) circle of Willis

Question 19

Once a BMI takes on the ability to reward a rat that was previously rewarded by pressing a lever, how will the rat's lever-pressing rate change?

Accepted Answer

A) There will be no change. 
B) Lever-pressing will slightly increase. 
C) Lever-pressing will slightly decrease. 
D) Lever-pressing will eventually stop. 
A) There will be no change. 
B) Lever-pressing will slightly increase. 
C) Lever-pressing will slightly decrease. 
D) Lever-pressing will eventually stop.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a part of the basal ganglia?

Accepted Answer

A) the putamen 
B) the claustrum 
C) the caudate 
D) the globus pallidus 
A) the putamen 
B) the claustrum 
C) the caudate 
D) the globus pallidus

Which of the following types of motor behavior probably relies most on the function of a central pattern generator?

Where are the primary motor cortex, the premotor cortex, and the supplementary motor area located in the brain? What do we know about the different functions of these three areas?

A laboratory dog has had surgery to separate the spinal components of its motor system from the cortical and subcortical components. Which of the following best describes the motor abilities of this animal?

One limitation of most BMI systems is that they

Franz and colleagues (1996) asked a patient who had had his corpus callosum surgically severed to draw figures like the ones here, each simultaneously with a different hand. Compared to neurologically intact control participants, they found that this patient

When a voluntary movement such as contracting one's right biceps is generated, what other signals, if any, must accompany this command?

What does it mean to say that the cerebellum uses a "forward model?" Support your answer with a real-life example and experimental evidence.

The supplementary motor area (SMA) is particularly active during externally guided movements.

Neurons in the spinal cord that can mediate sequences of motor actions even in the absence of external sensory feedback signals are called

Chapin's early work on a brain-machine interface (BMI) in rats used an online population vector that matched the _______ of the rats' movement.

Single-cell recording studies have indicated that the _ may be especially important in the control of internally guided motor sequences, whereas the _ may be especially important in the control of externally guided motor sequences.

With regard to motor cortex, a population vector is the

Which of the following is NOT an effector?

Which of the following sets of elements is sufficient to produce an effective brain-machine interface?

Describe the affordance competition hypothesis and explain how single-cell recordings support the model.

A diagnosis of apraxia is mainly exclusionary: a person is said to have apraxia if he or she has a coordination problem that can't be linked to a deficit in controlling the muscles themselves.

Sherrington (1947) surgically disconnected spinal motor neurons from cortical and subcortical motor centers in laboratory animals. Which of the following statements is true about the subsequent motor behavior of these animals?

Loss of blood flow in the _______ is the most common cause of hemiplegia.

Once a BMI takes on the ability to reward a rat that was previously rewarded by pressing a lever, how will the rat's lever-pressing rate change?

Which of the following is NOT a part of the basal ganglia?

A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience

Hemispheric Specialization

Sensation and Perception

Object Recognition

Attention

Memory

Emotion

Language

Cognitive Control

Social Cognition

The Consciousness Problem

Filters

Exam 8: Action

Which of the following types of motor behavior probably relies most on the function of a central pattern generator?

Where are the primary motor cortex, the premotor cortex, and the supplementary motor area located in the brain? What do we know about the different functions of these three areas?

A laboratory dog has had surgery to separate the spinal components of its motor system from the cortical and subcortical components. Which of the following best describes the motor abilities of this animal?

One limitation of most BMI systems is that they

Franz and colleagues (1996) asked a patient who had had his corpus callosum surgically severed to draw figures like the ones here, each simultaneously with a different hand. Compared to neurologically intact control participants, they found that this patient

When a voluntary movement such as contracting one's right biceps is generated, what other signals, if any, must accompany this command?

What does it mean to say that the cerebellum uses a "forward model?" Support your answer with a real-life example and experimental evidence.

The supplementary motor area (SMA) is particularly active during externally guided movements.

Neurons in the spinal cord that can mediate sequences of motor actions even in the absence of external sensory feedback signals are called

Chapin's early work on a brain-machine interface (BMI) in rats used an online population vector that matched the _______ of the rats' movement.

Single-cell recording studies have indicated that the _______ may be especially important in the control of internally guided motor sequences, whereas the _______ may be especially important in the control of externally guided motor sequences.

With regard to motor cortex, a population vector is the

Which of the following is NOT an effector?

Which of the following sets of elements is sufficient to produce an effective brain-machine interface?

Describe the affordance competition hypothesis and explain how single-cell recordings support the model.

A diagnosis of apraxia is mainly exclusionary: a person is said to have apraxia if he or she has a coordination problem that can't be linked to a deficit in controlling the muscles themselves.

Sherrington (1947) surgically disconnected spinal motor neurons from cortical and subcortical motor centers in laboratory animals. Which of the following statements is true about the subsequent motor behavior of these animals?

Loss of blood flow in the _______ is the most common cause of hemiplegia.

Once a BMI takes on the ability to reward a rat that was previously rewarded by pressing a lever, how will the rat's lever-pressing rate change?

Which of the following is NOT a part of the basal ganglia?

A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience

Hemispheric Specialization

Sensation and Perception

Object Recognition

Attention

Memory

Emotion

Language

Cognitive Control

Social Cognition

The Consciousness Problem

Filters

Single-cell recording studies have indicated that the _ may be especially important in the control of internally guided motor sequences, whereas the _ may be especially important in the control of externally guided motor sequences.