Exam 5: Defenses to Criminal Liability I: Justifications

​List and explain the four elements of self-defense.Are there any exceptions to any of these elements? If so,explain.

Knowing consent means

Mitigating circumstances may convince judges or juries that defendants don't deserve the maximum penalty for the crime they're convicted of.

Case 5.5 Tiffany is walking to the market to buy groceries. A man comes up behind her and puts a gun in her back. He tells her to step into the alley with him. Tiffany goes to the alley with the man who tells her to remove her clothes. Before she can do what he says the man drops the gun and Tiffany grabs it and shoots him. The man dies. -If Tiffany is acquitted,she has achieved which of the following?

Most defenses are perfect defenses; if they're successful,defendants are

Case 5.3 Savannah and her girlfriend Vanessa have been drinking at her apartment most of the afternoon. They are arguing when Savannah goes into her bedroom and gets her gun. She shoots at Vanessa but misses. Vanessa leaves the apartment and gets a gun from her car. She returns to the apartment. Savannah yells stop and runs towards the bathroom. Vanessa shoots at her but also misses. Savannah turns and shoots Vanessa. -What exception allows Savannah to claim self-defense in this situation?

​The concept of retreat has undergone historic transformation since the English common-law requirement that one "retreat to the wall." Explain this transformation and how it's altering the stand-your-ground rule and the retreat rule.

One of the four elements of self-defense states that defenders can use deadly force only if they reasonably believe it's necessary to repel an imminent deadly attack.What is the name of this element?

​In the minority of states that follow the retreat rule there are usually two exceptions.Identify and explain these two exceptions.

​Historically,self-defense meant protecting yourself and the members of your immediate family.

​Discuss the general rules on the use of force and deadly force.Be sure to provide examples.

​Explain the "choice of evils" defense and present an example.

Case 5.5 Tiffany is walking to the market to buy groceries. A man comes up behind her and puts a gun in her back. He tells her to step into the alley with him. Tiffany goes to the alley with the man who tells her to remove her clothes. Before she can do what he says the man drops the gun and Tiffany grabs it and shoots him. The man dies. -Tiffany's defense is described best as a

Self-defense is never available to an initial aggressor.

​At the heart of the defense of consent is the high value placed on group autonomy in a free society.

The Jacqueline Galas case deals with the expansion of what laws?

The law of self-defense is undergoing

Force may lawfully be used as a preemptive strike against a potential attacker.

Evidence that doesn't amount to a perfect defense might amount to a/an

Most deadly force statutes do not include the curtilage.