Question 1

When using inferential statistics,researchers calculate a/an __________ to determine statistical significance.

Accepted Answer

A)  Effect size 
B)  Coefficient of importance 
C)  Curve value 
D)  Probability estimate 
E)  Replication value 
A)  Effect size 
B)  Coefficient of importance 
C)  Curve value 
D)  Probability estimate 
E)  Replication value D

Question 2

Explain what the file drawer problem is and how and why it needs to be addressed when conducting a meta-analysis.

Accepted Answer

Students should explain that the file drawer problem is that studies that are published (and are easily found using traditional methods)tend to be studies that have found an effect,which means that those that found null effects are seldom published (and thus,sit in researchers' file drawers).This is a problem for meta-analyses when estimating effect size because it will be biased toward stronger effects (since no null effects are included).Students should state that this can be fixed by contacting researchers who may have done research on the subject but have not published it.

Question 3

According to the textbook,which of the following is NOT a component of WEIRD people?

Accepted Answer

A)  Western 
B)  Educated 
C)  Interdependent 
D)  Rich 
E)  Democratic 
A)  Western 
B)  Educated 
C)  Interdependent 
D)  Rich 
E)  Democratic C

Question 4

Replication-plus-extensions can add which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  A participant variable 
B)  A situational variable 
C)  A conditional variable 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  All of the above 
A)  A participant variable 
B)  A situational variable 
C)  A conditional variable 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  All of the above

Question 5

RESEARCH STUDY 13.2
Cindy decides to conduct a meta-analysis examining the relationship between daily stress and cardiovascular health for her senior psychology research project.
-Refer to Research Study 13.2 above to answer the following question. Cindy's advisor recommends that she contact several researchers in the field for articles that were not published and/or that found null effects.Doing this will address which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  The file drawer problem 
B)  The need for overestimation 
C)  Effect size miscalculation 
D)  Ecological validity 
E)  None of the above 
A)  The file drawer problem 
B)  The need for overestimation 
C)  Effect size miscalculation 
D)  Ecological validity 
E)  None of the above

Question 6

Explain what a meta-analysis is and how it is useful in understanding the importance of a scientific relationship.

Accepted Answer

Students should explain that a meta-anal

Question 7

RESEARCH STUDY 13.1
Mark conducts a study for his research methods class to determine if consuming caffeine causes people to perform better on cognitive tasks. In his study, he gives half of his participants a glass of water and half of his participants a glass of cola, and then has them attempt to solve 15 math problems. He finds that people who drink caffeine beforehand solve more math problems than those who drink water beforehand (p < 10.05).
-Refer to Research Study 13.1 above to answer the following question. Mark decides to conduct the exact same study again to ensure that he can find the same difference between the groups a second time.This study is known as a:

Accepted Answer

A)  Statistical replication 
B)  Replication-plus-extension 
C)  Conceptual replication 
D)  Secondary replication 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Statistical replication 
B)  Replication-plus-extension 
C)  Conceptual replication 
D)  Secondary replication 
E)  None of the above

Question 8

In a previous correlational study,Dr.Lafayette has found that owning dogs is associated with lower levels of daily stress in a sample of returning war veterans.Which of the following would constitute a shift from theory-testing mode to generalization mode?

Accepted Answer

A)  Conducting a study on the same sample of war veterans, this time using a different measure of daily stress 
B)  Conducting a study examining the stress reduction in dogs 
C)  Conducting an experimental study in which he assigns people to own a dog or not 
D)  Conducting a study using a sample of elderly participants from a local retirement home 
E)  All of the above would be studies done in generalization mode 
A)  Conducting a study on the same sample of war veterans, this time using a different measure of daily stress 
B)  Conducting a study examining the stress reduction in dogs 
C)  Conducting an experimental study in which he assigns people to own a dog or not 
D)  Conducting a study using a sample of elderly participants from a local retirement home 
E)  All of the above would be studies done in generalization mode

Question 9

RESEARCH STUDY 13.4
Dr. Tropez conducts a study examining the relationship between exposure to religion in popular media and religiosity (defined as "the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods"). In his study, he randomly samples a group of 113 participants from his local community college. He generates a list of movies with religious themes (Year One, Dogma, Passion of the Christ) and asks participants to indicate how many they have seen. He then measures religiosity by asking participants how many times they have attended a house of worship (e.g., church, temple, synagogue, mosque) in the past year. He finds that having seen a higher number of religious-themed films is positively correlated with religious attendance.
-Refer to Research Study 13.4 above to answer the following question.
A colleague of Dr.Tropez questions how generalizable his study is to other participants by highlighting that he only studied 113 people.Dr.Tropez responds that generalizability comes not from the "how many" of the sample but the "how" of the sample.What does Dr.Tropez mean and how generalizable is his study?

Accepted Answer

Students should state that whether the s

Question 10

Which of the following is a reason that psychologists especially value meta-analyses?

Accepted Answer

A)  Meta-analyses can examine conceptual and direct replications. 
B)  Meta-analyses allow researchers to examine the strength of a relationship. 
C)  In Meta-analyses, moderators of relationships can be examined. 
D)  Both a and b are reasons psychologists especially value meta-analyses. 
E)  All of the above are reasons psychologists especially value meta-analyses. 
A)  Meta-analyses can examine conceptual and direct replications. 
B)  Meta-analyses allow researchers to examine the strength of a relationship. 
C)  In Meta-analyses, moderators of relationships can be examined. 
D)  Both a and b are reasons psychologists especially value meta-analyses. 
E)  All of the above are reasons psychologists especially value meta-analyses.

Question 11

RESEARCH STUDY 13.4
Dr. Tropez conducts a study examining the relationship between exposure to religion in popular media and religiosity (defined as "the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods"). In his study, he randomly samples a group of 113 participants from his local community college. He generates a list of movies with religious themes (Year One, Dogma, Passion of the Christ) and asks participants to indicate how many they have seen. He then measures religiosity by asking participants how many times they have attended a house of worship (e.g., church, temple, synagogue, mosque) in the past year. He finds that having seen a higher number of religious-themed films is positively correlated with religious attendance.
-Refer to Research Study 13.4 above to answer the following question.
What are the two aspects of external validity? Pose a question for each aspect of external validity as it relates to Dr.Tropez's study.

Accepted Answer

Students should state that there are two

Question 12

RESEARCH STUDY 13.1
Mark conducts a study for his research methods class to determine if consuming caffeine causes people to perform better on cognitive tasks. In his study, he gives half of his participants a glass of water and half of his participants a glass of cola, and then has them attempt to solve 15 math problems. He finds that people who drink caffeine beforehand solve more math problems than those who drink water beforehand (p < 10.05).
-Refer to Research Study 13.1 above to answer the following question. Mark decides to conduct a variation of the original study in which he measures participants' ability to solve verbal analogies as the cognitive task instead of measuring their ability to solve math problems.He finds that people who drink caffeine beforehand solve more verbal analogies than those who drink water beforehand,suggesting caffeine consumption causes improved cognitive performance.This study is known as a:

Accepted Answer

A)  Statistical replication 
B)  Replication-plus-extension 
C)  Conceptual replication 
D)  Secondary replication 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Statistical replication 
B)  Replication-plus-extension 
C)  Conceptual replication 
D)  Secondary replication 
E)  None of the above

Question 13

Explain why finding a statistically significant result tells a reader about the study's replicability.

Accepted Answer

Students should state that statistical s

Question 14

_________ is a subdiscipline of psychology that works primarily in the generalization mode.

Accepted Answer

A)  Clinical psychology 
B)  Experimental psychology 
C)  Evolutionary psychology 
D)  Social psychology 
E)  Cultural psychology 
A)  Clinical psychology 
B)  Experimental psychology 
C)  Evolutionary psychology 
D)  Social psychology 
E)  Cultural psychology

Question 15

RESEARCH STUDY 13.3
Dr. Grayson, a health psychologist, conducts a study examining whether when exposed to pictures of food, people eat more than when they are not exposed to pictures of food. She goes to a fast food restaurant in downtown Chicago that has pictures of menu items on its menu board and measures the amount of food ordered during the lunch rush (11:30 a.m.-1:30 p.m.) on Tuesday. On Thursday, she does the same thing but at a fast food restaurant that does not have pictures on their menu board (about two blocks away from the first restaurant). She finds that the restaurant that has pictures of food sells more food than the restaurant that does not have pictures.
-Refer to Research Study 13.3 above to answer the following question. Dr.Grayson would most be able to generalize her findings to which of the following populations?

Accepted Answer

A)  People from Chicago 
B)  People who live in downtown Chicago 
C)  People who eat lunch at fast food restaurants 
D)  People who eat out at restaurants 
E)  All of the above 
A)  People from Chicago 
B)  People who live in downtown Chicago 
C)  People who eat lunch at fast food restaurants 
D)  People who eat out at restaurants 
E)  All of the above

Question 16

When generalizing the results of a sample to a population,which of the following is the most important question to ask?

Accepted Answer

A)  Where were the participants tested? 
B)  How many participants were in the sample? 
C)  How many times were the participants tested? 
D)  How were the participants sampled? 
E)  Do the participants come from the "real world"? 
A)  Where were the participants tested? 
B)  How many participants were in the sample? 
C)  How many times were the participants tested? 
D)  How were the participants sampled? 
E)  Do the participants come from the "real world"?

Question 17

Explain why external validity is the priority in generalization mode but not in theory-testing mode.

Accepted Answer

Students should state that when working

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT true of theory-testing mode?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is part of the theory-data cycle. 
B)  The priority is external validity. 
C)  The focus can be on testing association claims. 
D)  Most psychological studies are of the theory-testing type. 
E)  All of the above are true of theory-testing mode. 
A)  It is part of the theory-data cycle. 
B)  The priority is external validity. 
C)  The focus can be on testing association claims. 
D)  Most psychological studies are of the theory-testing type. 
E)  All of the above are true of theory-testing mode.

Question 19

RESEARCH STUDY 13.1
Mark conducts a study for his research methods class to determine if consuming caffeine causes people to perform better on cognitive tasks. In his study, he gives half of his participants a glass of water and half of his participants a glass of cola, and then has them attempt to solve 15 math problems. He finds that people who drink caffeine beforehand solve more math problems than those who drink water beforehand (p < 10.05).
-Refer to Research Study 13.1 above to answer the following question. Mark decides to conduct a conceptual replication.Which of the following could be in the study to make it this type of replication?

Accepted Answer

A)  Measuring a different group of participants 
B)  Having participants drink a caffeinated energy drink rather than a caffeinated cola 
C)  Having participants complete a 20-item math test 
D)  Having participants complete a 10-item math test 
E)  All of the above 
A)  Measuring a different group of participants 
B)  Having participants drink a caffeinated energy drink rather than a caffeinated cola 
C)  Having participants complete a 20-item math test 
D)  Having participants complete a 10-item math test 
E)  All of the above

Question 20

RESEARCH STUDY 13.2
Cindy decides to conduct a meta-analysis examining the relationship between daily stress and cardiovascular health for her senior psychology research project.
-Refer to Research Study 13.2 above to answer the following question. Which of the following is NOT a step Cindy will do in conducting her meta-analysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Collect all the studies that have been conducted on daily stress and cardiovascular health 
B)  Measure daily stress and cardiovascular health in several new samples of participants 
C)  Calculate an effect size 
D)  Contact other researchers for unpublished studies 
E)  All of the above steps will need to be done by Cindy 
A)  Collect all the studies that have been conducted on daily stress and cardiovascular health 
B)  Measure daily stress and cardiovascular health in several new samples of participants 
C)  Calculate an effect size 
D)  Contact other researchers for unpublished studies 
E)  All of the above steps will need to be done by Cindy

When using inferential statistics,researchers calculate a/an __________ to determine statistical significance.

Explain what the file drawer problem is and how and why it needs to be addressed when conducting a meta-analysis.

According to the textbook,which of the following is NOT a component of WEIRD people?

Replication-plus-extensions can add which of the following?

Explain what a meta-analysis is and how it is useful in understanding the importance of a scientific relationship.

In a previous correlational study,Dr.Lafayette has found that owning dogs is associated with lower levels of daily stress in a sample of returning war veterans.Which of the following would constitute a shift from theory-testing mode to generalization mode?

Which of the following is a reason that psychologists especially value meta-analyses?

Explain why finding a statistically significant result tells a reader about the study's replicability.

_________ is a subdiscipline of psychology that works primarily in the generalization mode.

When generalizing the results of a sample to a population,which of the following is the most important question to ask?

Explain why external validity is the priority in generalization mode but not in theory-testing mode.

Which of the following is NOT true of theory-testing mode?

Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Sources of Information: Evaluating,Finding,and Reading Information

Three Claims,Four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Identifying Good Measurement

Describing What People Do: Surveys,Observations,and Sampling

Bivariate Correlational Research

Multivariate Correlational Research

Introduction to Simple Experiments

More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Filters

Exam 13: Replicability,Generalization,and the Real World

When using inferential statistics,researchers calculate a/an __________ to determine statistical significance.

Explain what the file drawer problem is and how and why it needs to be addressed when conducting a meta-analysis.

According to the textbook,which of the following is NOT a component of WEIRD people?

Replication-plus-extensions can add which of the following?

Explain what a meta-analysis is and how it is useful in understanding the importance of a scientific relationship.

In a previous correlational study,Dr.Lafayette has found that owning dogs is associated with lower levels of daily stress in a sample of returning war veterans.Which of the following would constitute a shift from theory-testing mode to generalization mode?

Which of the following is a reason that psychologists especially value meta-analyses?

Explain why finding a statistically significant result tells a reader about the study's replicability.

_________ is a subdiscipline of psychology that works primarily in the generalization mode.

When generalizing the results of a sample to a population,which of the following is the most important question to ask?

Explain why external validity is the priority in generalization mode but not in theory-testing mode.

Which of the following is NOT true of theory-testing mode?

Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Sources of Information: Evaluating,Finding,and Reading Information

Three Claims,Four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Identifying Good Measurement

Describing What People Do: Surveys,Observations,and Sampling

Bivariate Correlational Research

Multivariate Correlational Research

Introduction to Simple Experiments

More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Filters