Question 1

Which of the following statements about steroid hormones is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Steroid hormones cause the production of cAMP. 
B) Steroid hormones are polar molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane. 
C) Steroid hormones bind to receptors in the plasma membrane. 
D) Steroid hormones bind to specific receptor proteins, and the complex acts as a gene activator. 
A) Steroid hormones cause the production of cAMP. 
B) Steroid hormones are polar molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane. 
C) Steroid hormones bind to receptors in the plasma membrane. 
D) Steroid hormones bind to specific receptor proteins, and the complex acts as a gene activator.

Question 2

Feeling tired after a long day of work, you walk across a parking lot at night to get to your car. As you approach the car you see a shadow extending behind the back of the car. You immediately feel a rush of energy, your heart starts pounding, and you feel wide awake and alert. You are experiencing

Accepted Answer

A) an allergic reaction. 
B) a surge in blood glucose. 
C) the fight-or-flight response. 
D) effects of endocrine disruptors. 
A) an allergic reaction. 
B) a surge in blood glucose. 
C) the fight-or-flight response. 
D) effects of endocrine disruptors.

Question 3

Which gland requires the element iodine to produce its hormones?

Accepted Answer

A) adrenal medulla 
B) thyroid 
C) pineal 
D) ovary 
A) adrenal medulla 
B) thyroid 
C) pineal 
D) ovary

Question 4

Which of the following pairs of hormones have opposite effects?

Accepted Answer

A) testosterone and melatonin 
B) progesterone and insulin 
C) parathyroid hormone and calcitonin 
D) oxytocin and prolactin 
A) testosterone and melatonin 
B) progesterone and insulin 
C) parathyroid hormone and calcitonin 
D) oxytocin and prolactin

Question 5

Which of the following options correctly pairs an endocrine gland or hormone with an aspect of metabolism that it regulates?

Accepted Answer

A) parathyroid-stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids 
B) pancreas-stimulates growth of the uterine lining 
C) insulin-regulates blood glucose levels 
D) prolactin-manages blood potassium levels 
A) parathyroid-stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids 
B) pancreas-stimulates growth of the uterine lining 
C) insulin-regulates blood glucose levels 
D) prolactin-manages blood potassium levels

Question 6

Prolactin is a hormone whose molecular structure has remained stable over evolutionary time but whose hormonal role has changed dramatically in different animal species. This is an excellent example of how evolution

Accepted Answer

A) is responsible for mutation in vertebrates. 
B) occurs rapidly at the molecular level to keep up with changing environmental influences. 
C) has stayed within narrow boundaries in regard to regulation of homeostasis. 
D) can both preserve unity and promote diversity. 
A) is responsible for mutation in vertebrates. 
B) occurs rapidly at the molecular level to keep up with changing environmental influences. 
C) has stayed within narrow boundaries in regard to regulation of homeostasis. 
D) can both preserve unity and promote diversity.

Question 7

Which of the following options lists the sequence of events in the cell-signaling process in the correct order?

Accepted Answer

A) reception, response, signal transduction 
B) signal transduction, reception, response 
C) signal transduction, response, reception 
D) reception, signal transduction, response 
A) reception, response, signal transduction 
B) signal transduction, reception, response 
C) signal transduction, response, reception 
D) reception, signal transduction, response

Question 8

An excess of T₃ and T₄ in the blood is hyperthyroidism, which in its most common form is called

Accepted Answer

A) goiter. 
B) sterility. 
C) Graves' disease. 
D) botulism. 
A) goiter. 
B) sterility. 
C) Graves' disease. 
D) botulism.

Question 9

Which molecule in this figure portraying water-soluble hormone action is the receptor protein?

Accepted Answer

A) molecule A 
B) molecule B 
C) molecule C 
D) molecule D 
A) molecule A 
B) molecule B 
C) molecule C 
D) molecule D

Question 10

Which of the following hormones stimulates and maintains metabolic processes?

Accepted Answer

A) calcitonin 
B) thyroxine 
C) oxytocin 
D) melatonin 
A) calcitonin 
B) thyroxine 
C) oxytocin 
D) melatonin

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of epinephrine?

Accepted Answer

A) release of glucose from the liver 
B) decreased heart rate 
C) decreased metabolic rate 
D) increased digestive activities 
A) release of glucose from the liver 
B) decreased heart rate 
C) decreased metabolic rate 
D) increased digestive activities

Question 12

Results of the experiment yield the data shown in the following graph.
   
The figure shows percentage of male and female frogs with flame retardants in their blood in two groups: Group 1 was not exposed to flame retardants, and group 2 was exposed to low doses.
-What is one overall conclusion that you can draw from these results?

Accepted Answer

A) There was no noticeable difference between the male and female frogs in group 2 in percentage of frogs with high retardant levels. 
B) As compared to the group 1 male frogs, group 1 female frogs had a lower percentage of frogs with high retardant levels. 
C) As compared to the group 2 female frogs, there were a lower percentage of group 2 male frogs with high levels of flame retardants in their blood. 
D) As compared to the group 2 male frogs, there were a lower percentage of group 2 female frogs with high levels of flame retardants in their blood. 
A) There was no noticeable difference between the male and female frogs in group 2 in percentage of frogs with high retardant levels. 
B) As compared to the group 1 male frogs, group 1 female frogs had a lower percentage of frogs with high retardant levels. 
C) As compared to the group 2 female frogs, there were a lower percentage of group 2 male frogs with high levels of flame retardants in their blood. 
D) As compared to the group 2 male frogs, there were a lower percentage of group 2 female frogs with high levels of flame retardants in their blood.

Question 13

Which of the following may be a consequence of low secretion of parathyroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

A) convulsive contractions of skeletal muscles 
B) gigantism 
C) exhaustion of the immune system 
D) loss of calcium from the bone 
A) convulsive contractions of skeletal muscles 
B) gigantism 
C) exhaustion of the immune system 
D) loss of calcium from the bone

Question 14

Androgens stimulate

Accepted Answer

A) the female reproductive system. 
B) growth of breasts in mammals. 
C) growth of facial hair in humans. 
D) ovulation. 
A) the female reproductive system. 
B) growth of breasts in mammals. 
C) growth of facial hair in humans. 
D) ovulation.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about glands and hormones is true?

Accepted Answer

A) The anterior pituitary produces multiple hormones that affect activity of other endocrine glands and cells of the body. 
B) The posterior pituitary produces melatonin, which helps regulate biological rhythms. 
C) The pineal gland is the master control center of the endocrine system. 
D) The hypothalamus is an endocrine gland responsible for producing the hormone calcitonin. 
A) The anterior pituitary produces multiple hormones that affect activity of other endocrine glands and cells of the body. 
B) The posterior pituitary produces melatonin, which helps regulate biological rhythms. 
C) The pineal gland is the master control center of the endocrine system. 
D) The hypothalamus is an endocrine gland responsible for producing the hormone calcitonin.

Question 16

The hormone prolactin, found in distantly related vertebrates, exerts different effects in different species. From an evolutionary standpoint, this is an indication that prolactin

Accepted Answer

A) can only have functions related to childbirth. 
B) is an ancient hormone whose function diversified through evolution. 
C) was a recent evolutionary adaptation. 
D) was not required in fish and amphibians. 
A) can only have functions related to childbirth. 
B) is an ancient hormone whose function diversified through evolution. 
C) was a recent evolutionary adaptation. 
D) was not required in fish and amphibians.

Question 17

The two main classes of molecules that function as hormones are steroid hormones and hormones that are derived from

Accepted Answer

A) amino acids. 
B) cholesterol. 
C) nucleic acids. 
D) long-chain fatty acids. 
A) amino acids. 
B) cholesterol. 
C) nucleic acids. 
D) long-chain fatty acids.

Question 18

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Recent studies suggest that flame retardants, chemicals that are used for slow burning, can mimic estrogen hormones found in the human body. The scientists investigating this phenomenon developed three-dimensional images to show how the chemical structure of certain flame retardants allows the retardants to bind to and inhibit an enzyme (estrogen sulfotransferase) that metabolizes estrogen.
Suppose the scientists want to conduct a study of the effects of flame retardants on estrogen levels. In a hypothetical study, the scientists use frogs to test the effects of flame retardants because the frogs' skin is highly permeable and therefore allows for easy absorption of chemicals.
The scientists collected 20 wild adult frogs and brought them to a laboratory. Ten of the frogs (group 1: five male and five female) were kept in tanks mimicking their natural environment. The other ten frogs (group 2: five male, five female) were kept in tanks identical to those of group 1 but were introduced to low amounts of flame retardants in the shallow water in their tank. Estrogen levels were measured on the first day of the experiment and then every 4 days for 20 days.
-Why is group 1 needed in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

A) Group 1 is the standard of comparison for the experimental group. 
B) Group 1 is the standard of comparison for only adult males. 
C) Group 1 is the standard of comparison for only adult females. 
D) Group 1 allows for reliable comparison of all ages of female frogs in the study. 
A) Group 1 is the standard of comparison for the experimental group. 
B) Group 1 is the standard of comparison for only adult males. 
C) Group 1 is the standard of comparison for only adult females. 
D) Group 1 allows for reliable comparison of all ages of female frogs in the study.

Question 19

The result of binding a signal molecule to its receptor is

Accepted Answer

A) production of a protein by the target cell, followed by death. 
B) cell division. 
C) signal transduction. 
D) partitioning of the nucleus within the target cell. 
A) production of a protein by the target cell, followed by death. 
B) cell division. 
C) signal transduction. 
D) partitioning of the nucleus within the target cell.

Question 20

Why must some hormones bind to a membrane receptor on a target cell's surface in order to activate it?

Accepted Answer

A) for activation by ATP 
B) because they are not water-soluble 
C) because they cannot cross cell membranes 
D) to stimulate endocytosis to internalize the hormone 
A) for activation by ATP 
B) because they are not water-soluble 
C) because they cannot cross cell membranes 
D) to stimulate endocytosis to internalize the hormone

Exam 26: Hormones and the Endocrine System

Which of the following statements about steroid hormones is true?

Which gland requires the element iodine to produce its hormones?

Which of the following pairs of hormones have opposite effects?

Which of the following options correctly pairs an endocrine gland or hormone with an aspect of metabolism that it regulates?

Prolactin is a hormone whose molecular structure has remained stable over evolutionary time but whose hormonal role has changed dramatically in different animal species. This is an excellent example of how evolution

Which of the following options lists the sequence of events in the cell-signaling process in the correct order?

An excess of T₃ and T₄ in the blood is hyperthyroidism, which in its most common form is called

Which molecule in this figure portraying water-soluble hormone action is the receptor protein?

Which of the following hormones stimulates and maintains metabolic processes?

Which of the following is a function of epinephrine?

Which of the following may be a consequence of low secretion of parathyroid hormone?

Androgens stimulate

Which of the following statements about glands and hormones is true?

The hormone prolactin, found in distantly related vertebrates, exerts different effects in different species. From an evolutionary standpoint, this is an indication that prolactin

The two main classes of molecules that function as hormones are steroid hormones and hormones that are derived from

The result of binding a signal molecule to its receptor is

Why must some hormones bind to a membrane receptor on a target cell's surface in order to activate it?

Biology: Exploring Life

The Chemical Basis of Life

The Molecules of Cells

A Tour of the Cell

The Working Cell

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food

The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance

Patterns of Inheritance

Molecular Biology of the Gene

How Genes Are Controlled

DNA Technology and Genomics

How Populations Evolve

The Origin of Species

Tracing Evolutionary History

Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists

The Evolution of Plant and Fungal Diversity

The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity

The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity

Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function

Nutrition and Digestion

Gas Exchange

Circulation

the Immune System

Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance

Reproduction and Embryonic Development

Nervous Systems

the Senses

How Animals Move

Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction

Plant Nutrition and Transport

Control Systems in Plants

the Biosphere: an Introduction to Earths Diverse Environments

Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment

Population Ecology

Communities and Ecosystems

Conservation Biology

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