Question 1

Postural instability in individuals with akinetic-rigid Parkinson's disease is caused by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Rigidity of postural flexor and extensor musculature 
B) Disinhibition of the reticulospinal tracts 
C) Loss of pedunculopontine cells 
D) All of the above 
A) Rigidity of postural flexor and extensor musculature 
B) Disinhibition of the reticulospinal tracts 
C) Loss of pedunculopontine cells 
D) All of the above D

Question 2

Which one of the following basal ganglia loops is involved in goal-directed behavior,planning,and choosing actions in context?

Accepted Answer

A) Motor loop 
B) Executive loop 
C) Behavioral flexibility and control loop 
D) Limbic loop 
A) Motor loop 
B) Executive loop 
C) Behavioral flexibility and control loop 
D) Limbic loop B

Question 3

Which one of the following brain structures is part of the basal ganglia motor circuit?

Accepted Answer

A) Primary motor cortex and premotor cortical areas 
B) Putamen 
C) Thalamus 
D) All of the above 
A) Primary motor cortex and premotor cortical areas 
B) Putamen 
C) Thalamus 
D) All of the above D

Question 4

The return of motor control after treatment of focal dystonia is likely the result of which one of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Stretching of tight muscles 
B) Application of heat to relieve spasms 
C) Improvement in the organization of somatosensory cortex 
D) None of the above 
A) Stretching of tight muscles 
B) Application of heat to relieve spasms 
C) Improvement in the organization of somatosensory cortex 
D) None of the above

Question 5

Major roles of the cerebellum are to:

Accepted Answer

A) Compare actual movement to intended movement. 
B) Adjust movements to existing conditions. 
C) Provide conscious awareness of proprioceptive information. 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C 
A) Compare actual movement to intended movement. 
B) Adjust movements to existing conditions. 
C) Provide conscious awareness of proprioceptive information. 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C

Question 6

How does motor information from the basal ganglia reach spinal lower motor neurons?

Accepted Answer

A) Neurons in the basal ganglia that have axonal connections directly to spinal lower motor neurons. 
B) Neural connections with the cerebellum. 
C) Output to the thalamus and pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN),which synapse with cortical and brainstem motor neurons that project to the spinal lower motor neurons. 
D) Direct connections from the striatum to lower motor neurons. 
E) Neurons from the subthalamic nucleus directly synapse with spinal lower motor neurons. 
A) Neurons in the basal ganglia that have axonal connections directly to spinal lower motor neurons. 
B) Neural connections with the cerebellum. 
C) Output to the thalamus and pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN),which synapse with cortical and brainstem motor neurons that project to the spinal lower motor neurons. 
D) Direct connections from the striatum to lower motor neurons. 
E) Neurons from the subthalamic nucleus directly synapse with spinal lower motor neurons.

Question 7

Which of the following is (are)associated with the emergence of focal hand dystonia?

Accepted Answer

A) Excessive repetition or overuse 
B) Somatotopic degradation of somatosensory cortex 
C) Central impairment of proprioception 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C 
A) Excessive repetition or overuse 
B) Somatotopic degradation of somatosensory cortex 
C) Central impairment of proprioception 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C

Question 8

MSA is characterized by which one of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Akinetic-rigid syndrome 
B) Cerebellar signs 
C) Autonomic dysfunction 
D) All of the above 
A) Akinetic-rigid syndrome 
B) Cerebellar signs 
C) Autonomic dysfunction 
D) All of the above

Question 9

The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamus motor loop contributes to:

Accepted Answer

A) Regulation of muscle force 
B) Sequencing of movements 
C) Regulation of muscle tone 
D) Selection and inhibition of specific motor synergies 
E) All of the above 
A) Regulation of muscle force 
B) Sequencing of movements 
C) Regulation of muscle tone 
D) Selection and inhibition of specific motor synergies 
E) All of the above

Question 10

Which one of the following is an example of focal dystonia?

Accepted Answer

A) Segawa's dystonic 
B) Tourette's disorder 
C) Spasmodic torticollis 
D) None of the above 
A) Segawa's dystonic 
B) Tourette's disorder 
C) Spasmodic torticollis 
D) None of the above

Question 11

The functions of the cerebrocerebellum and dentate nuclei include which one of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Coordination of voluntary movements 
B) Planning of movements 
C) Timing 
D) All of the above 
A) Coordination of voluntary movements 
B) Planning of movements 
C) Timing 
D) All of the above

Question 12

Deep brain stimulation of which structure is safe and effective for reducing tremors in Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

A) Putamen 
B) Caudate 
C) Thalamus 
D) Substantia nigra 
E) Red nucleus 
A) Putamen 
B) Caudate 
C) Thalamus 
D) Substantia nigra 
E) Red nucleus

Question 13

The basal ganglia are important for influencing motor movements but is also involved in other types of behavior.Which of the following additional loops involves the basal ganglia?

Accepted Answer

A) Oculomotor loop 
B) Executive loop 
C) Behavioral flexibility and control loop 
D) All of the above 
A) Oculomotor loop 
B) Executive loop 
C) Behavioral flexibility and control loop 
D) All of the above

Question 14

Which one of the following basal ganglia loops is involved in recognizing it is socially inappropriate to burp out loud in the middle of lecture?

Accepted Answer

A) Motor loop 
B) Executive loop 
C) Behavioral flexibility and control loop 
D) Limbic loop 
A) Motor loop 
B) Executive loop 
C) Behavioral flexibility and control loop 
D) Limbic loop

Question 15

Huntington's disease is characterized by which one of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Chorea 
B) Dementia 
C) Hypokinesia 
D) Both A and B 
A) Chorea 
B) Dementia 
C) Hypokinesia 
D) Both A and B

Question 16

Parkinson-plus syndromes are the collective name for primary neurodegenerative diseases that cause signs similar to Parkinson's disease and include which one of the following diseases?

Accepted Answer

A) Progressive supranuclear palsy 
B) Alzheimer disease 
C) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy 
D) Huntington's disease 
A) Progressive supranuclear palsy 
B) Alzheimer disease 
C) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy 
D) Huntington's disease

Question 17

Which one of the following are distinctive signs of akinetic-rigid Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

A) Hypokinesia 
B) Freezing during movement 
C) Resting tremor 
D) All of the above 
A) Hypokinesia 
B) Freezing during movement 
C) Resting tremor 
D) All of the above

Question 18

Which one of the following basal ganglia loops motivates a pediatric patient to participate in therapy for stickers?

Accepted Answer

A) Motor loop 
B) Executive loop 
C) Behavioral flexibility and control loop 
D) Limbic loop 
A) Motor loop 
B) Executive loop 
C) Behavioral flexibility and control loop 
D) Limbic loop

Question 19

Dyskinesia is a side effect caused by prolonged use of which one of the following chemical agents for treatment of Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

A) Acetylcholinesterase 
B) L-dopa 
C) Botulinum 
D) Baclofen 
E) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAB
A) agonists 
A) Acetylcholinesterase 
B) L-dopa 
C) Botulinum 
D) Baclofen 
E) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAB
A) agonists

Question 20

Which of the following is a potential treatment option for individuals with Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

A) L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOP
A)  
B) Deep-brain stimulation 
C) Physical and occupational therapy 
D) All of the above 
A) L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOP
A)  
B) Deep-brain stimulation 
C) Physical and occupational therapy 
D) All of the above

Postural instability in individuals with akinetic-rigid Parkinson's disease is caused by which of the following?

Which one of the following basal ganglia loops is involved in goal-directed behavior,planning,and choosing actions in context?

Which one of the following brain structures is part of the basal ganglia motor circuit?

The return of motor control after treatment of focal dystonia is likely the result of which one of the following?

Major roles of the cerebellum are to:

How does motor information from the basal ganglia reach spinal lower motor neurons?

Which of the following is (are)associated with the emergence of focal hand dystonia?

MSA is characterized by which one of the following?

The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamus motor loop contributes to:

Which one of the following is an example of focal dystonia?

The functions of the cerebrocerebellum and dentate nuclei include which one of the following?

Deep brain stimulation of which structure is safe and effective for reducing tremors in Parkinson's disease?

The basal ganglia are important for influencing motor movements but is also involved in other types of behavior.Which of the following additional loops involves the basal ganglia?

Which one of the following basal ganglia loops is involved in recognizing it is socially inappropriate to burp out loud in the middle of lecture?

Huntington's disease is characterized by which one of the following?

Parkinson-plus syndromes are the collective name for primary neurodegenerative diseases that cause signs similar to Parkinson's disease and include which one of the following diseases?

Which one of the following are distinctive signs of akinetic-rigid Parkinson's disease?

Which one of the following basal ganglia loops motivates a pediatric patient to participate in therapy for stickers?

Dyskinesia is a side effect caused by prolonged use of which one of the following chemical agents for treatment of Parkinson's disease?

Which of the following is a potential treatment option for individuals with Parkinson's disease?

Introduction to Neuroscience

Physical and Electrical Properties of Cells in the Nervous System

Synapses and Synaptic Transmission

Neuroplasticity

Development of the Nervous System

Somatosensory System

Somatosensation: Clinical Application

Neuropathic Pain, pain Matrix Dysfunction, and Pain Syndromes

Autonomic Nervous System

The Motor System: Motor Neurons

Peripheral Nervous System

Spinal Region

Cranial Nerves

Brainstem Region

Vestibular and Visual Systems

Cerebrum

Cerebrum: Clinical Applications

Support Systems: Blood Supply and Cerebrospinal Fluid System

Filters

Exam 11: Basal Ganglia, cerebellum, and Movement

Postural instability in individuals with akinetic-rigid Parkinson's disease is caused by which of the following?

Which one of the following basal ganglia loops is involved in goal-directed behavior,planning,and choosing actions in context?

Which one of the following brain structures is part of the basal ganglia motor circuit?

The return of motor control after treatment of focal dystonia is likely the result of which one of the following?

Major roles of the cerebellum are to:

How does motor information from the basal ganglia reach spinal lower motor neurons?

Which of the following is (are)associated with the emergence of focal hand dystonia?

MSA is characterized by which one of the following?

The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamus motor loop contributes to:

Which one of the following is an example of focal dystonia?

The functions of the cerebrocerebellum and dentate nuclei include which one of the following?

Deep brain stimulation of which structure is safe and effective for reducing tremors in Parkinson's disease?

The basal ganglia are important for influencing motor movements but is also involved in other types of behavior.Which of the following additional loops involves the basal ganglia?

Which one of the following basal ganglia loops is involved in recognizing it is socially inappropriate to burp out loud in the middle of lecture?

Huntington's disease is characterized by which one of the following?

Parkinson-plus syndromes are the collective name for primary neurodegenerative diseases that cause signs similar to Parkinson's disease and include which one of the following diseases?

Which one of the following are distinctive signs of akinetic-rigid Parkinson's disease?

Which one of the following basal ganglia loops motivates a pediatric patient to participate in therapy for stickers?

Dyskinesia is a side effect caused by prolonged use of which one of the following chemical agents for treatment of Parkinson's disease?

Which of the following is a potential treatment option for individuals with Parkinson's disease?

Introduction to Neuroscience

Physical and Electrical Properties of Cells in the Nervous System

Synapses and Synaptic Transmission

Neuroplasticity

Development of the Nervous System

Somatosensory System

Somatosensation: Clinical Application

Neuropathic Pain, pain Matrix Dysfunction, and Pain Syndromes

Autonomic Nervous System

The Motor System: Motor Neurons

Peripheral Nervous System

Spinal Region

Cranial Nerves

Brainstem Region

Vestibular and Visual Systems

Cerebrum

Cerebrum: Clinical Applications

Support Systems: Blood Supply and Cerebrospinal Fluid System

Filters