Question 1

The share of college degrees earned by women was ____ in 2010 compared to ____ in 1961.

Accepted Answer

A) 50 percent; 50 percent 
B) 47 percent; 30 percent 
C) 57 percent; 39 percent 
D) 51 percent; 48 percent 
A) 50 percent; 50 percent 
B) 47 percent; 30 percent 
C) 57 percent; 39 percent 
D) 51 percent; 48 percent C

Question 2

If the wages of equally qualified women were really 20 percent less than those of men,

Accepted Answer

A) profit-seeking employers would have a strong incentive to hire more women, resulting in this differential falling. 
B) profit-seeking employers would generally find that hiring men was still more profitable. 
C) employers would still be reluctant to hire women because they generally care little about their profits. 
D) profit-seeking employers would have a strong incentive to hire fewer women, resulting in this differential rising even further. 
A) profit-seeking employers would have a strong incentive to hire more women, resulting in this differential falling. 
B) profit-seeking employers would generally find that hiring men was still more profitable. 
C) employers would still be reluctant to hire women because they generally care little about their profits. 
D) profit-seeking employers would have a strong incentive to hire fewer women, resulting in this differential rising even further. A

Question 3

In 1961, ____ percent of college degrees were earned by women.

Accepted Answer

A) 19 
B) 29 
C) 39 
D) 51 
A) 19 
B) 29 
C) 39 
D) 51 C

Question 4

Between 1960 and 1980, the labor force participation rate of women ____. Between 1980 and 2009, the labor force participation rate of women ____.

Accepted Answer

A) fell; fell 
B) rose; rose 
C) fell; rose 
D) rose; fell 
A) fell; fell 
B) rose; rose 
C) fell; rose 
D) rose; fell

Question 5

Which of the following factors are likely to lead to an increase in the female/male earnings ratio in the future?

Accepted Answer

A) As the labor force participation of women increases, their years of work experience will become more similar to men. 
B) In recent years, a higher proportion of women have been preparing for careers in the professions. 
C) As the proportion of families headed by a female parent increases, the average hours worked per week of female employees will decline. 
D) Both a and b are correct. 
A) As the labor force participation of women increases, their years of work experience will become more similar to men. 
B) In recent years, a higher proportion of women have been preparing for careers in the professions. 
C) As the proportion of families headed by a female parent increases, the average hours worked per week of female employees will decline. 
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 6

In 2007, the labor force participation rate of women was

Accepted Answer

A) 20.6 percent. 
B) 40.6 percent. 
C) 60.6 percent. 
D) 80.6 percent. 
A) 20.6 percent. 
B) 40.6 percent. 
C) 60.6 percent. 
D) 80.6 percent.

Question 7

Which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Employers who discriminate against women will have lower costs than rival firms that hire employees strictly on the basis of merit (productivity). 
B) On average, the number of hours worked per year by women in the labor force is greater than the hours worked by men in the labor force. 
C) The female/male earnings ratio is substantially higher for never married persons than for those married with a spouse present. 
D) As the proportion of women preparing for careers as professionals has increased in recent decades, the earnings of women have declined relative to those for men. 
A) Employers who discriminate against women will have lower costs than rival firms that hire employees strictly on the basis of merit (productivity). 
B) On average, the number of hours worked per year by women in the labor force is greater than the hours worked by men in the labor force. 
C) The female/male earnings ratio is substantially higher for never married persons than for those married with a spouse present. 
D) As the proportion of women preparing for careers as professionals has increased in recent decades, the earnings of women have declined relative to those for men.

Question 8

Why is it NOT surprising that men make up the minority of college graduates?

Accepted Answer

A) Because of discrimination against women, men are able to get good jobs with only a high school degree. 
B) Men are smarter than women and they do not need a higher education to be attractive to employers. 
C) Given their greater physical strength, many men accept high-paying but physically demanding jobs instead of going to college. 
D) Many men decide to pursue jobs in professional sports and this significantly reduces the number of males who go to college. 
A) Because of discrimination against women, men are able to get good jobs with only a high school degree. 
B) Men are smarter than women and they do not need a higher education to be attractive to employers. 
C) Given their greater physical strength, many men accept high-paying but physically demanding jobs instead of going to college. 
D) Many men decide to pursue jobs in professional sports and this significantly reduces the number of males who go to college.

Question 9

The hourly earnings of full-time working women were a little more than what percent of those of their male counterparts in 2007?

Accepted Answer

A) 60 percent 
B) 70 percent 
C) 80 percent 
D) 90 percent 
A) 60 percent 
B) 70 percent 
C) 80 percent 
D) 90 percent

Question 10

During the last two or three decades, the educational and career choices of women have become

Accepted Answer

A) more like those of men, and the earnings of women have declined relative to those of men. 
B) more like those of men, and the earnings of women have increased relative to those of men. 
C) less like those of men, and the earnings of women have increased relative to those of men. 
D) less like those of men, and the earnings of women have declined relative to those of men. 
A) more like those of men, and the earnings of women have declined relative to those of men. 
B) more like those of men, and the earnings of women have increased relative to those of men. 
C) less like those of men, and the earnings of women have increased relative to those of men. 
D) less like those of men, and the earnings of women have declined relative to those of men.

Question 11

Between 1960 and 1980, the female/male annual earnings ratio of full-time workers ____. Between 1980 and 2009, the female/male annual earnings ratio of full-time workers ____.

Accepted Answer

A) changed very little; fell 
B) changed very little; rose 
C) fell; changed very little 
D) rose; changed very little 
A) changed very little; fell 
B) changed very little; rose 
C) fell; changed very little 
D) rose; changed very little

Question 12

Women earn less on average than men. Which of the following would be the logical conclusion?

Accepted Answer

A) Women must be the victim of employment discrimination. 
B) Women must be less productive. 
C) Men must be more highly motivated and materialistic. 
D) Without consideration of preferences and productivity factors, differences in unadjusted mean earnings do not necessarily reflect employment discrimination. 
A) Women must be the victim of employment discrimination. 
B) Women must be less productive. 
C) Men must be more highly motivated and materialistic. 
D) Without consideration of preferences and productivity factors, differences in unadjusted mean earnings do not necessarily reflect employment discrimination.

Question 13

Women earn less on average than men. Which of the following would be the logical conclusion?

Accepted Answer

A) Women must be the victim of employment discrimination. 
B) Women must be less productive. 
C) Men must be more highly motivated and materialistic. 
D) Without consideration of preferences and productivity factors, differences in unadjusted mean earnings do not necessarily reflect employment discrimination. 
A) Women must be the victim of employment discrimination. 
B) Women must be less productive. 
C) Men must be more highly motivated and materialistic. 
D) Without consideration of preferences and productivity factors, differences in unadjusted mean earnings do not necessarily reflect employment discrimination.

Question 14

Which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

A) The earnings differential between men and women who never married is considerably smaller than the differential between married men and married women. 
B) After adjusting for education, age, language, and location, the earnings of women are almost identical with the earnings of men. 
C) Between 1980 and 2000, the female/male annual earnings ratio of full-time workers was virtually unchanged. 
D) The hourly earnings of women were approximately 60 percent of their male counterparts in 2009. 
A) The earnings differential between men and women who never married is considerably smaller than the differential between married men and married women. 
B) After adjusting for education, age, language, and location, the earnings of women are almost identical with the earnings of men. 
C) Between 1980 and 2000, the female/male annual earnings ratio of full-time workers was virtually unchanged. 
D) The hourly earnings of women were approximately 60 percent of their male counterparts in 2009.

Question 15

In 1964 civil rights legislation was passed

Accepted Answer

A) that made it illegal for women to make less than the minimum wage. 
B) that created the No Woman Left Behind Commission. 
C) prohibiting employers from discriminating based on race and gender. 
D) requiring fields traditionally dominated by male workers to hire more female candidates. 
A) that made it illegal for women to make less than the minimum wage. 
B) that created the No Woman Left Behind Commission. 
C) prohibiting employers from discriminating based on race and gender. 
D) requiring fields traditionally dominated by male workers to hire more female candidates.

Question 16

Which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Due to anti-employment discrimination legislation that was passed in the early 1960s, there was a large increase in the earnings of women relative to men in the 1960s and 1970s. 
B) The female/male earnings ratio for full-time workers rose substantially between 1980 and 2010. 
C) The number of women preparing for careers as professionals has declined during the last two decades. 
D) In 2010, only about 42 percent of those completing college degrees were women. 
A) Due to anti-employment discrimination legislation that was passed in the early 1960s, there was a large increase in the earnings of women relative to men in the 1960s and 1970s. 
B) The female/male earnings ratio for full-time workers rose substantially between 1980 and 2010. 
C) The number of women preparing for careers as professionals has declined during the last two decades. 
D) In 2010, only about 42 percent of those completing college degrees were women.

Question 17

Which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Employers who discriminate against women will have lower costs than rival firms that hire employees strictly on the basis of merit (productivity). 
B) If employers can hire equally productive female employees at a lower wage than males, the profit motive gives them a strong incentive to do so. 
C) The female/male earnings ratio is higher for persons who are married than for those who remain single. 
D) Both a and c are true. 
A) Employers who discriminate against women will have lower costs than rival firms that hire employees strictly on the basis of merit (productivity). 
B) If employers can hire equally productive female employees at a lower wage than males, the profit motive gives them a strong incentive to do so. 
C) The female/male earnings ratio is higher for persons who are married than for those who remain single. 
D) Both a and c are true.

Question 18

During the last two decades, the number of women preparing for careers as professionals has ____, and the proportion of those completing college degrees has ____.

Accepted Answer

A) increased; decreased 
B) increased; increased 
C) decreased; decreased 
D) decreased; increased 
A) increased; decreased 
B) increased; increased 
C) decreased; decreased 
D) decreased; increased

Question 19

In the future, the earnings differential between women and men is expected to

Accepted Answer

A) widen. 
B) become smaller. 
C) remain about the same as it is now. 
D) become smaller over the next five years then begin to widen again. 
A) widen. 
B) become smaller. 
C) remain about the same as it is now. 
D) become smaller over the next five years then begin to widen again.

Question 20

The F/M earnings ratio for full-time workers

Accepted Answer

A) has been steadily declining. 
B) has been roughly constant since 1980. 
C) has increased significantly since 1980. 
D) increased until 1980, but it has declined steadily during the last two decades. 
A) has been steadily declining. 
B) has been roughly constant since 1980. 
C) has increased significantly since 1980. 
D) increased until 1980, but it has declined steadily during the last two decades.

Exam 24: Appendix: Earnings Differences Between Men and Women

The share of college degrees earned by women was ____ in 2010 compared to ____ in 1961.

If the wages of equally qualified women were really 20 percent less than those of men,

In 1961, ____ percent of college degrees were earned by women.

Between 1960 and 1980, the labor force participation rate of women ____. Between 1980 and 2009, the labor force participation rate of women ____.

Which of the following factors are likely to lead to an increase in the female/male earnings ratio in the future?

In 2007, the labor force participation rate of women was

Which of the following is true?

Why is it NOT surprising that men make up the minority of college graduates?

The hourly earnings of full-time working women were a little more than what percent of those of their male counterparts in 2007?

During the last two or three decades, the educational and career choices of women have become

Between 1960 and 1980, the female/male annual earnings ratio of full-time workers ____. Between 1980 and 2009, the female/male annual earnings ratio of full-time workers ____.

Women earn less on average than men. Which of the following would be the logical conclusion?

Women earn less on average than men. Which of the following would be the logical conclusion?

Which of the following is true?

In 1964 civil rights legislation was passed

Which of the following is true?

Which of the following is true?

During the last two decades, the number of women preparing for careers as professionals has ____, and the proportion of those completing college degrees has ____.

In the future, the earnings differential between women and men is expected to

The F/M earnings ratio for full-time workers

The Economic Approach

A: Some Tools of the Economist

B: Some Tools of the Economist

A: Supply, Demand, and the Market Process

B: Supply, Demand, and the Market Process

A: Supply and Demand: Applications and Extensions

B: Supply and Demand: Applications and Extensions

Difficult Cases for the Market and the Role of Government

The Economics of Collective Decision-Making

Consumer Choice and Elasticity

A: Costs and the Supply of Goods

B: Costs and the Supply of Goods

A: Price Takers and the Competitive Process

B: Price Takers and the Competitive Process

Price-Searcher Markets With Low Entry Barriers

A: Price-Searcher Markets With High Entry Barriers

B: Price-Searcher Markets With High Entry Barriers

The Supply of and Demand for Productive Resources

Earnings, Productivity, and the Job Market

Investment, the Capital Market, and the Wealth of Nations

Income Inequality and Poverty

Appendix: Government Spending and Taxation

Appendix: the Economics of Social Security

Appendix: the Stock Market: Its Function, Performance, and Potential As an Investment Opportunity

Appendix: Great Debates in Economics: Keynes Versus Hayek

Appendix: the Crisis of 2008: Causes and Lessons for the Future

Appendix: Lessons From the Great Depression

Appendix: the Economics of Healthcare

Appendix:education: Problems and Performance

Appendix: the Question of Resource Exhaustion

Appendix: Do Labor Unions Increase the Wages of Workers

Appendix: Difficult Environmental Cases and the Role of Government

Filters

The share of college degrees earned by women was in 2010 compared to in 1961.

Between 1960 and 1980, the labor force participation rate of women . Between 1980 and 2009, the labor force participation rate of women .

Between 1960 and 1980, the female/male annual earnings ratio of full-time workers . Between 1980 and 2009, the female/male annual earnings ratio of full-time workers .

During the last two decades, the number of women preparing for careers as professionals has , and the proportion of those completing college degrees has .