Question 1

Which of the following leads to selective attention and selective memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  gender constancy 
B)  gender schemas 
C)  imitation 
D)  relational aggression 
A)  gender constancy 
B)  gender schemas 
C)  imitation 
D)  relational aggression B

Question 2

Cite evidence indicating that boys are "the preferred sex." How does this preference affect children?

Accepted Answer

The preference for boys over girls is a phenomenon that has been observed in various cultures and societies throughout history and continues to be an issue in some parts of the world today. This preference can be attributed to a variety of social, economic, and cultural factors. Here are some pieces of evidence indicating that boys are the "preferred sex" and the potential effects of this preference on children:

1. **Historical and Cultural Practices**: In some cultures, there has been a historical preference for male children, as they were seen as the carriers of the family name and inheritors of family wealth. In addition, they were often expected to provide for their parents in old age. This preference is evident in practices such as primogeniture, where the firstborn male child inherits the family estate.

2. **Sex-Selective Abortions and Infanticide**: In countries like India and China, there have been documented cases of sex-selective abortions and female infanticide due to the preference for male children. This has led to skewed sex ratios in these countries. For example, the 2011 Census of India revealed a child sex ratio of 919 girls to 1000 boys, indicating a significant disparity.

3. **Differential Treatment in Childhood**: Boys may receive preferential treatment in terms of nutrition, healthcare, and education. Families might invest more resources in their male children, believing that they will get a better return on their investment through future financial support or social status.

4. **Dowry and Economic Burdens**: In some cultures, having a girl can be seen as an economic burden due to the practice of dowry, where the bride's family is expected to provide a substantial gift to the groom's family. This can lead to a preference for boys, who are not associated with this financial liability.

5. **Continuation of Family Name**: In many societies, there is a strong emphasis on continuing the family name, which is typically carried on by male offspring. This can lead to a preference for boys within families.

6. **Legal and Property Rights**: In some parts of the world, legal systems and property rights have historically favored males, making sons more desirable for carrying on the family legacy and managing family assets.

**Effects on Children**:

The preference for boys can have several negative effects on children, both male and female:

- **Gender Imbalance**: A societal preference for boys can lead to a gender imbalance, which can have long-term social consequences, including increased rates of violence against women and difficulties for men to find marriage partners.

- **Neglect and Discrimination**: Girls may suffer from neglect, discrimination, and reduced access to resources such as education and healthcare. This can limit their opportunities and perpetuate cycles of poverty and inequality.

- **Psychological Impact**: Both boys and girls can experience psychological stress due to gender preferences. Girls may feel undervalued and suffer from low self-esteem, while boys may feel undue pressure to meet the high expectations placed upon them.

- **Reinforcement of Gender Stereotypes**: A preference for boys reinforces gender stereotypes and can perpetuate a culture of sexism and inequality.

- **Population Dynamics**: A significant gender imbalance can affect population dynamics and lead to social issues such as increased human trafficking and forced marriages.

It is important to note that the preference for boys is not universal and is changing in many parts of the world due to increased awareness of gender equality, legal reforms, and socio-economic development. However, the remnants of these preferences and their effects on children can still be observed in various societies.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true of cognitive theories?

Accepted Answer

A)  They maintain that children are shaped by the people and environments they encounter in everyday life. 
B)  They emphasize the gradual development of a complex mental network about gender and its assimilation to the self. 
C)  They maintain that the gender schema is learned in early childhood and guides the individual in becoming gender typed. 
D)  They emphasize that a child's mind is actively trying to comprehend and categorize gender information. 
A)  They maintain that children are shaped by the people and environments they encounter in everyday life. 
B)  They emphasize the gradual development of a complex mental network about gender and its assimilation to the self. 
C)  They maintain that the gender schema is learned in early childhood and guides the individual in becoming gender typed. 
D)  They emphasize that a child's mind is actively trying to comprehend and categorize gender information. D

Question 4

In a study of 7- to 10-year-old children in China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States, which asked the kids themselves to report on their use of both kinds of aggression, Lansford et al. (2012) found that in all nine countries

Accepted Answer

A)  boys were more physically aggressive than girls. 
B)  boys were more likely than girls to use indirect, relational aggression. 
C)  there was a relatively small effect size for physical aggression in favor of boys. 
D)  there was a significantly large effect size for relational aggression in favor of boys. 
A)  boys were more physically aggressive than girls. 
B)  boys were more likely than girls to use indirect, relational aggression. 
C)  there was a relatively small effect size for physical aggression in favor of boys. 
D)  there was a significantly large effect size for relational aggression in favor of boys.

Question 5

Which of the following terms refers to the act of stifling one's own feelings and thoughts in an effort to fit in and be seen as a nice girl?

Accepted Answer

A)  self-silencing 
B)  self-debasement 
C)  self-efficacy 
D)  None of these answers is correct. 
A)  self-silencing 
B)  self-debasement 
C)  self-efficacy 
D)  None of these answers is correct.

Question 6

Jackson and Falmagne (2013) conducted in-depth interviews with 18- to 21-year-old American women who were asked to recall their menarche, and these women revealed that they were

Accepted Answer

A)  usually excited about menstruation as a sign of good health and an affirmation of womanhood. 
B)  most likely to use euphemisms and indirect language to reference "it" around their fathers and brothers. 
C)  concerned with hiding, concealing, and managing menstruation, especially around boys. 
D)  uncomfortable admitting that they were menstruating except to complain about it to their male counterparts. 
A)  usually excited about menstruation as a sign of good health and an affirmation of womanhood. 
B)  most likely to use euphemisms and indirect language to reference "it" around their fathers and brothers. 
C)  concerned with hiding, concealing, and managing menstruation, especially around boys. 
D)  uncomfortable admitting that they were menstruating except to complain about it to their male counterparts.

Question 7

In the context of peer influences, a study conducted by Zosuls et al. (2011) on elementary school kids' attitudes about their same-gender peers showed that

Accepted Answer

A)  they are likely to choose children who have diverse and contrasting play styles. 
B)  they suffer from identity crises and gender dysphoria. 
C)  they have an ingroup bias and positive expectancies about ingroup interactions. 
D)  they are likely to be diagnosed with Turner syndrome. 
A)  they are likely to choose children who have diverse and contrasting play styles. 
B)  they suffer from identity crises and gender dysphoria. 
C)  they have an ingroup bias and positive expectancies about ingroup interactions. 
D)  they are likely to be diagnosed with Turner syndrome.

Question 8

Which of the following superstitious methods is most likely to help determine a future baby's sex?

Accepted Answer

A)  If the mother "carries high," it is a boy; if she "carries low," it is a girl. 
B)  If the mother's complexion is pale, it is a boy; if the mother's complexion is "rosy," it is a girl. 
C)  If the fetus is active, moving and kicking a lot, it must be a boy; if the mother is sick, it's a girl. 
D)  All of these answers are correct. 
A)  If the mother "carries high," it is a boy; if she "carries low," it is a girl. 
B)  If the mother's complexion is pale, it is a boy; if the mother's complexion is "rosy," it is a girl. 
C)  If the fetus is active, moving and kicking a lot, it must be a boy; if the mother is sick, it's a girl. 
D)  All of these answers are correct.

Question 9

In an Internet survey of 5,907 LGBT students aged 13 to 18 conducted by Mitchell et al. (2016), who among the following reported having been sexually harassed within the past year?

Accepted Answer

A)  transgender youth 
B)  lesbian girls 
C)  genderqueer boys 
D)  bisexual girls 
A)  transgender youth 
B)  lesbian girls 
C)  genderqueer boys 
D)  bisexual girls

Question 10

Which of the following is revealed by meta-analyses of parental treatment of children?

Accepted Answer

A)  Overall, parents treat children similarly across gender. 
B)  Mothers are likely to encourage gender-typed play and activities. 
C)  Fathers stereotype more than mothers. 
D)  No conclusions can be made. 
A)  Overall, parents treat children similarly across gender. 
B)  Mothers are likely to encourage gender-typed play and activities. 
C)  Fathers stereotype more than mothers. 
D)  No conclusions can be made.

Question 11

Unlike gender-aschematic individuals, gender-schematic individuals ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  have poorly developed gender schemas and rely more on other schemas 
B)  rely on a well-developed gender schema spontaneously in making sense of the world 
C)  are highly likely to choose stereotype-inconsistent career options 
D)  are highly unlikely to learn about femininity and masculinity from their social class, ethnic group, and family composition 
A)  have poorly developed gender schemas and rely more on other schemas 
B)  rely on a well-developed gender schema spontaneously in making sense of the world 
C)  are highly likely to choose stereotype-inconsistent career options 
D)  are highly unlikely to learn about femininity and masculinity from their social class, ethnic group, and family composition

Question 12

People who are ________ rely on schemas other than the gender schema.

Accepted Answer

A)  gender-aschematic 
B)  gender-schematic 
C)  female-selective 
D)  relational 
A)  gender-aschematic 
B)  gender-schematic 
C)  female-selective 
D)  relational

Question 13

In addition to learning through reinforcement, which of the following is most likely to help people learn?

Accepted Answer

A)  imitation 
B)  talking 
C)  logic 
D)  All of these answers are correct. 
A)  imitation 
B)  talking 
C)  logic 
D)  All of these answers are correct.

Question 14

Jamal's father is mowing their home lawn. Jamal excitedly starts mowing the lawn with his toy lawn mower, which he had received for his birthday. In this scenario, Jamal has learned through

Accepted Answer

A)  speech. 
B)  biology. 
C)  cognition. 
D)  observation. 
A)  speech. 
B)  biology. 
C)  cognition. 
D)  observation.

Question 15

A 2- or 3-year-old child can answer correctly when asked if he or she is a boy or a girl; however, the child may believe that

Accepted Answer

A)  people other than himself or herself are asexual. 
B)  people can change sex by changing their hairstyles or clothing. 
C)  there is no reliable way to determine other people's sexes. 
D)  people can change sex by changing their hairstyles or clothing and there is no reliable way to determine other people's sexes. 
A)  people other than himself or herself are asexual. 
B)  people can change sex by changing their hairstyles or clothing. 
C)  there is no reliable way to determine other people's sexes. 
D)  people can change sex by changing their hairstyles or clothing and there is no reliable way to determine other people's sexes.

Question 16

Learning gender-typed behavior is particularly easy for children when

Accepted Answer

A)  they are exposed to adults other than their parents. 
B)  they have siblings. 
C)  parents set up gender-differentiated environments (e.g., bedrooms). 
D)  their parents are divorced. 
A)  they are exposed to adults other than their parents. 
B)  they have siblings. 
C)  parents set up gender-differentiated environments (e.g., bedrooms). 
D)  their parents are divorced.

Question 17

In a three-generational study of college students, their mothers, and their grandmothers, Morgan (1998) found that a majority ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  agreed to have given up their tomboy ways only after joining college 
B)  agreed to have given up their tomboy ways due to the physical changes of puberty 
C)  reported that they still liked active, adventurous play 
D)  reported that they were quiet during childhood due to social pressure to be more feminine 
A)  agreed to have given up their tomboy ways only after joining college 
B)  agreed to have given up their tomboy ways due to the physical changes of puberty 
C)  reported that they still liked active, adventurous play 
D)  reported that they were quiet during childhood due to social pressure to be more feminine

Question 18

What kinds of conflicts do adolescent girls face regarding the messages they get from society about maturation versus attractiveness? How do most girls respond to these conflicts, and why do they have those responses?

Accepted Answer

Adolescent girls often face conflicts re

Question 19

Cite research evidence to show that ethnicity and class have an effect on gender stereotyping. What theories explain these results?

Accepted Answer

Research evidence has consistently shown

Question 20

Selective abortion of female fetuses

Accepted Answer

A)  has been found only in China. 
B)  is consistent with societies that permit female infanticide. 
C)  is officially sanctioned in India. 
D)  is never practiced in the United States. 
A)  has been found only in China. 
B)  is consistent with societies that permit female infanticide. 
C)  is officially sanctioned in India. 
D)  is never practiced in the United States.

Which of the following leads to selective attention and selective memory?

Cite evidence indicating that boys are "the preferred sex." How does this preference affect children?

Which of the following statements is true of cognitive theories?

In a study of 7- to 10-year-old children in China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States, which asked the kids themselves to report on their use of both kinds of aggression, Lansford et al. (2012) found that in all nine countries

Which of the following terms refers to the act of stifling one's own feelings and thoughts in an effort to fit in and be seen as a nice girl?

Jackson and Falmagne (2013) conducted in-depth interviews with 18- to 21-year-old American women who were asked to recall their menarche, and these women revealed that they were

In the context of peer influences, a study conducted by Zosuls et al. (2011) on elementary school kids' attitudes about their same-gender peers showed that

Which of the following superstitious methods is most likely to help determine a future baby's sex?

In an Internet survey of 5,907 LGBT students aged 13 to 18 conducted by Mitchell et al. (2016), who among the following reported having been sexually harassed within the past year?

Which of the following is revealed by meta-analyses of parental treatment of children?

Unlike gender-aschematic individuals, gender-schematic individuals ________.

People who are ________ rely on schemas other than the gender schema.

In addition to learning through reinforcement, which of the following is most likely to help people learn?

Jamal's father is mowing their home lawn. Jamal excitedly starts mowing the lawn with his toy lawn mower, which he had received for his birthday. In this scenario, Jamal has learned through

A 2- or 3-year-old child can answer correctly when asked if he or she is a boy or a girl; however, the child may believe that

Learning gender-typed behavior is particularly easy for children when

In a three-generational study of college students, their mothers, and their grandmothers, Morgan (1998) found that a majority ________.

What kinds of conflicts do adolescent girls face regarding the messages they get from society about maturation versus attractiveness? How do most girls respond to these conflicts, and why do they have those responses?

Cite research evidence to show that ethnicity and class have an effect on gender stereotyping. What theories explain these results?

Selective abortion of female fetuses

Paving the Way

Gender, Status, and Power

Images of Women

The Meanings of Difference

Sex, Gender, and Bodies

Sex, Love, and Romance

Commitments: Women and Close Relationships

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Work and Achievement

The Second Half: Midlife and Aging

Violence Against Women

Psychological Disorders, Therapy, and Womens Well-Being

Making a Difference: Toward a Better Future for Women

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Exam 6: Gendered Identities: Childhood and Adolescence

Which of the following leads to selective attention and selective memory?

Cite evidence indicating that boys are "the preferred sex." How does this preference affect children?

Which of the following statements is true of cognitive theories?

In a study of 7- to 10-year-old children in China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States, which asked the kids themselves to report on their use of both kinds of aggression, Lansford et al. (2012) found that in all nine countries

Which of the following terms refers to the act of stifling one's own feelings and thoughts in an effort to fit in and be seen as a nice girl?

Jackson and Falmagne (2013) conducted in-depth interviews with 18- to 21-year-old American women who were asked to recall their menarche, and these women revealed that they were

In the context of peer influences, a study conducted by Zosuls et al. (2011) on elementary school kids' attitudes about their same-gender peers showed that

Which of the following superstitious methods is most likely to help determine a future baby's sex?

In an Internet survey of 5,907 LGBT students aged 13 to 18 conducted by Mitchell et al. (2016), who among the following reported having been sexually harassed within the past year?

Which of the following is revealed by meta-analyses of parental treatment of children?

Unlike gender-aschematic individuals, gender-schematic individuals ________.

People who are ________ rely on schemas other than the gender schema.

In addition to learning through reinforcement, which of the following is most likely to help people learn?

Jamal's father is mowing their home lawn. Jamal excitedly starts mowing the lawn with his toy lawn mower, which he had received for his birthday. In this scenario, Jamal has learned through

A 2- or 3-year-old child can answer correctly when asked if he or she is a boy or a girl; however, the child may believe that

Learning gender-typed behavior is particularly easy for children when

In a three-generational study of college students, their mothers, and their grandmothers, Morgan (1998) found that a majority ________.

What kinds of conflicts do adolescent girls face regarding the messages they get from society about maturation versus attractiveness? How do most girls respond to these conflicts, and why do they have those responses?

Cite research evidence to show that ethnicity and class have an effect on gender stereotyping. What theories explain these results?

Selective abortion of female fetuses

Paving the Way

Gender, Status, and Power

Images of Women

The Meanings of Difference

Sex, Gender, and Bodies

Sex, Love, and Romance

Commitments: Women and Close Relationships

Mothering

Work and Achievement

The Second Half: Midlife and Aging

Violence Against Women

Psychological Disorders, Therapy, and Womens Well-Being

Making a Difference: Toward a Better Future for Women

Filters