Question 1

A large increase in albumin concentration in the plasma of a dog would result in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) increase in blood volume and decrease in lymph volume 
B) decrease in blood volume and increase in lymph volume 
C) increase in blood volume and increase in lymph volume 
D) decrease in blood volume and decrease in lymph volume 
A) increase in blood volume and decrease in lymph volume 
B) decrease in blood volume and increase in lymph volume 
C) increase in blood volume and increase in lymph volume 
D) decrease in blood volume and decrease in lymph volume

Question 2

Which of the following is the correct sequence of terms describing fluid movement throughout the vessels and tissues of the body,starting with the circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

A) blood → lymph → blood → interstitial fluid 
B) blood → lymph → interstitial fluid → blood 
C) blood → interstitial fluid → lymph → blood 
D) blood → interstitial fluid → blood → lymph 
A) blood → lymph → blood → interstitial fluid 
B) blood → lymph → interstitial fluid → blood 
C) blood → interstitial fluid → lymph → blood 
D) blood → interstitial fluid → blood → lymph

Question 3

What is the main difference between respiration in terrestrial insects and in terrestrial vertebrates?

Accepted Answer

A) Insects rely on the blood in their circulatory system to deliver oxygen from the air to their tissues,whereas terrestrial vertebrates rely on their lungs to deliver oxygen in air to their tissues. 
B) Insects rely on their tracheal system to deliver oxygen in air to their tissues,whereas terrestrial vertebrates rely on their lungs to deliver oxygen to their tissues through the blood in their circulatory system. 
C) Insects have a lower metabolic rate than terrestrial vertebrates do,so they tend to rely more heavily on their circulatory system than their tracheal system for oxygen transport. 
D) Insects use their tracheal system to transfer oxygen from air into blood,whereas terrestrial vertebrates use their lungs to transfer oxygen from air into blood. 
A) Insects rely on the blood in their circulatory system to deliver oxygen from the air to their tissues,whereas terrestrial vertebrates rely on their lungs to deliver oxygen in air to their tissues. 
B) Insects rely on their tracheal system to deliver oxygen in air to their tissues,whereas terrestrial vertebrates rely on their lungs to deliver oxygen to their tissues through the blood in their circulatory system. 
C) Insects have a lower metabolic rate than terrestrial vertebrates do,so they tend to rely more heavily on their circulatory system than their tracheal system for oxygen transport. 
D) Insects use their tracheal system to transfer oxygen from air into blood,whereas terrestrial vertebrates use their lungs to transfer oxygen from air into blood.

Question 4

You prop open the gill covers of a fish,tie a string around its tail,and tow it backward through the water.This action forces water to flow in the back of the gill covers,from back to front over the gills,and out through the fish's mouth.What effect would this backward movement have on gas exchange?

Accepted Answer

A) It would reduce efficiency of gas exchange. 
B) It would increase efficiency of gas exchange. 
C) The only effect would be the fish's discomfort from this treatment. 
A) It would reduce efficiency of gas exchange. 
B) It would increase efficiency of gas exchange. 
C) The only effect would be the fish's discomfort from this treatment.

Question 5

In midsummer,you are fishing at a lake.You catch the most fish at the inlet of a stream into the lake,where logs and branches are creating turbulent flow and mixing deep water with the shallow water near the surface of the lake.What is the probable reason the fish are congregating in this area?

Accepted Answer

A) This area has higher oxygen content,aiding gill oxygen uptake. 
B) This area is warmer,which stimulates metabolism. 
C) This area is cooler,which stimulates metabolism. 
D) This area has a lower oxygen content,which helps to transfer oxygen into the fish's gills. 
E) None of the above apply. 
A) This area has higher oxygen content,aiding gill oxygen uptake. 
B) This area is warmer,which stimulates metabolism. 
C) This area is cooler,which stimulates metabolism. 
D) This area has a lower oxygen content,which helps to transfer oxygen into the fish's gills. 
E) None of the above apply.

Question 6

What is the rate of diffusion in the gas-exchange organ of an air-breathing animal where the area for gas exchange in the lung is 200 mm²,the diffusion constant is 0.08,the PO₂ (partial pressure of oxygen)of the air in the lung is 140 mm Hg,the PO₂ in blood flowing into the lung is 90 mmHg,and the thickness of the gas exchange membrane is 0.001 mm?

Accepted Answer

A) 800,000 
B) 125 
C) 00032 
D) 10,000,000 
A) 800,000 
B) 125 
C) 00032 
D) 10,000,000

Question 7

Which of the following events would be predicted by the Bohr shift effect as the amount of carbon dioxide released from your tissues into the blood capillaries increases?

Accepted Answer

A) The amount of oxygen in arterial blood would increase. 
B) The amount of oxygen in arterial blood would decrease. 
C) The amount of oxygen in venous blood would increase. 
D) The amount of oxygen in venous blood would decrease. 
E) More than one of the above is true. 
A) The amount of oxygen in arterial blood would increase. 
B) The amount of oxygen in arterial blood would decrease. 
C) The amount of oxygen in venous blood would increase. 
D) The amount of oxygen in venous blood would decrease. 
E) More than one of the above is true.

Question 8

In what way does hemoglobin act as a buffer against changes in blood pH?

Accepted Answer

A) Subsequent binding of oxygen is drastically reduced after the first one is bound. 
B) Hemoglobin binds some of the excess protons released by carbonic acid. 
C) Hemoglobin produces protons or hydroxide ions as needed to alter the blood pH. 
D) Hemoglobin removes excess protons from the red blood cells so that they can be excreted through the kidneys. 
E) All of the above answers apply. 
A) Subsequent binding of oxygen is drastically reduced after the first one is bound. 
B) Hemoglobin binds some of the excess protons released by carbonic acid. 
C) Hemoglobin produces protons or hydroxide ions as needed to alter the blood pH. 
D) Hemoglobin removes excess protons from the red blood cells so that they can be excreted through the kidneys. 
E) All of the above answers apply.

Question 9

An animal has a cardiac output of 40 mL/min and a stroke volume of 5 mL.What is its heart rate?

Accepted Answer

A) 8 beats/minute 
B) 200 beats/minute 
C) 12.5 beats/minute 
D) Heart rate cannot be determined with only these two variables. 
A) 8 beats/minute 
B) 200 beats/minute 
C) 12.5 beats/minute 
D) Heart rate cannot be determined with only these two variables.

Question 10

In the countercurrent exchange respiratory system of fish,which of the following would not be expected?

Accepted Answer

A) In the front (anterior)portion of the gill,the amount of oxygen in the gills is lower than the water. 
B) Water travels over the gills from anterior to posterior. 
C) In the back (posterior)portion of the gill,the amount of carbon dioxide in the gills is higher than the water. 
D) Blood flows through the gills from anterior to posterior. 
A) In the front (anterior)portion of the gill,the amount of oxygen in the gills is lower than the water. 
B) Water travels over the gills from anterior to posterior. 
C) In the back (posterior)portion of the gill,the amount of carbon dioxide in the gills is higher than the water. 
D) Blood flows through the gills from anterior to posterior.

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of the insect tracheal system?

Accepted Answer

A) transport of hormones 
B) transport of wastes 
C) transport of carbon dioxide 
D) transport of cells involved in the immune response 
A) transport of hormones 
B) transport of wastes 
C) transport of carbon dioxide 
D) transport of cells involved in the immune response

Question 12

Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates?

Accepted Answer

A) changing the force of heart contraction 
B) constricting and relaxing sphincters in the walls of arterioles 
C) adjusting the volume of blood contained in the veins 
D) all of the above 
A) changing the force of heart contraction 
B) constricting and relaxing sphincters in the walls of arterioles 
C) adjusting the volume of blood contained in the veins 
D) all of the above

Question 13

Which of the following is the normal sequence of signal conduction in the human heart?

Accepted Answer

A) neural and chemical messengers → SA node → atria → AV node → ventricles 
B) neural but not chemical messengers → AV node → ventricles → SA node → atria 
C) chemical but not neural messengers → atria → SA node → ventricles → AV node 
D) neural and chemical messengers → ventricles → SA node → atria → AV node 
E) neural and chemical messengers →AV node → atria → SA node → ventricles 
A) neural and chemical messengers → SA node → atria → AV node → ventricles 
B) neural but not chemical messengers → AV node → ventricles → SA node → atria 
C) chemical but not neural messengers → atria → SA node → ventricles → AV node 
D) neural and chemical messengers → ventricles → SA node → atria → AV node 
E) neural and chemical messengers →AV node → atria → SA node → ventricles

Question 14

What effect would increasing lymph heart pressure have?

Accepted Answer

A) Blood volume would increase. 
B) Blood volume would decrease. 
C) Hemorrhage would increase. 
D) Hemorrhage would decrease. 
E) None of the above answers apply. 
A) Blood volume would increase. 
B) Blood volume would decrease. 
C) Hemorrhage would increase. 
D) Hemorrhage would decrease. 
E) None of the above answers apply.

Question 15

If atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)has an effect on the lymph hearts,what effect would logically be predicted?

Accepted Answer

A) Lymph heart rate would increase. 
B) Lymph heart rate would decrease. 
C) Lymph heart pressure would increase. 
D) Lymph heart pressure would decrease. 
E) Either A or C or both. 
A) Lymph heart rate would increase. 
B) Lymph heart rate would decrease. 
C) Lymph heart pressure would increase. 
D) Lymph heart pressure would decrease. 
E) Either A or C or both.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a feature of gas exchange in the respiratory system of birds?

Accepted Answer

A) The exchange of gases between parabronchi and blood is in a countercurrent direction. 
B) The flow of air through the lungs is one way. 
C) The dead space within the respiratory system is small compared to that in mammals. 
D) Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation. 
A) The exchange of gases between parabronchi and blood is in a countercurrent direction. 
B) The flow of air through the lungs is one way. 
C) The dead space within the respiratory system is small compared to that in mammals. 
D) Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation.

Question 17

Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow.Capillary beds,however,would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures.How does the design of the circulation network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario?

Accepted Answer

A) Blood flow through the capillaries is essentially frictionless,and this reduces the amount of pressure on their walls. 
B) The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary,leading to a reduced blood pressure. 
C) Fluid loss from the arteries is high enough that pressure drops off significantly by the time blood reaches the capillaries. 
D) All of the above answers apply. 
A) Blood flow through the capillaries is essentially frictionless,and this reduces the amount of pressure on their walls. 
B) The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary,leading to a reduced blood pressure. 
C) Fluid loss from the arteries is high enough that pressure drops off significantly by the time blood reaches the capillaries. 
D) All of the above answers apply.

Question 18

Which of the following mechanisms play a role in regulating heart rate?

Accepted Answer

A) chemical messengers in the blood,such as epinephrine 
B) nerves originating from the medulla (lower part of the brain) 
C) pacemaker cells within the heart 
D) all of the above (A to 
E) only A and C 
A) chemical messengers in the blood,such as epinephrine 
B) nerves originating from the medulla (lower part of the brain) 
C) pacemaker cells within the heart 
D) all of the above (A to 
E) only A and C

Question 19

Baroreceptors are specialized pressure-sensing nerve cells that are important in circulatory homeostasis.Where are these nerve cells located in humans?

Accepted Answer

A) cells in brain 
B) arteries entering the neck region 
C) arteries leaving the heart 
D) all of the above 
E) only B and C 
A) cells in brain 
B) arteries entering the neck region 
C) arteries leaving the heart 
D) all of the above 
E) only B and C

Question 20

Insect trachea come in direct contact with the internal organs to which they deliver oxygen.What parameter of Fick's Law does this optimize?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) K 
C) P 
D) D 
A) A 
B) K 
C) P 
D) D

Exam 44: Gas Exchange and Circulation

A large increase in albumin concentration in the plasma of a dog would result in which of the following?

Which of the following is the correct sequence of terms describing fluid movement throughout the vessels and tissues of the body,starting with the circulatory system?

What is the main difference between respiration in terrestrial insects and in terrestrial vertebrates?

In midsummer,you are fishing at a lake.You catch the most fish at the inlet of a stream into the lake,where logs and branches are creating turbulent flow and mixing deep water with the shallow water near the surface of the lake.What is the probable reason the fish are congregating in this area?

Which of the following events would be predicted by the Bohr shift effect as the amount of carbon dioxide released from your tissues into the blood capillaries increases?

In what way does hemoglobin act as a buffer against changes in blood pH?

An animal has a cardiac output of 40 mL/min and a stroke volume of 5 mL.What is its heart rate?

In the countercurrent exchange respiratory system of fish,which of the following would not be expected?

Which of the following is a function of the insect tracheal system?

Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates?

Which of the following is the normal sequence of signal conduction in the human heart?

What effect would increasing lymph heart pressure have?

If atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)has an effect on the lymph hearts,what effect would logically be predicted?

Which of the following is NOT a feature of gas exchange in the respiratory system of birds?

Which of the following mechanisms play a role in regulating heart rate?

Baroreceptors are specialized pressure-sensing nerve cells that are important in circulatory homeostasis.Where are these nerve cells located in humans?

Insect trachea come in direct contact with the internal organs to which they deliver oxygen.What parameter of Fick's Law does this optimize?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Cell-Cell Interactions

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

Genomics

Principles of Development

An Introduction to Animal Development

An Introduction to Plant Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Electrical Signals in Animals

Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioural Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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