Exam 7: Expanding Social Horizons: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood.

According to the theory of Robert Selman, in the ____ stage of perspective taking, usually seen between the ages of four and nine years, children know that perspectives differ because people have access to different information.

A voluntary, mutual relationship that involves liking is called a(n) _______________.

In which of Selman's stages of perspective taking would you expect to see a 15-year-old child who recognizes that others' perspectives are influenced by broad personal, social, and cultural contexts?

Young Matthew is growing up in a neighborhood where most of the families are similar to himself-white, Jewish, and middle class. His parents are happy that he has such exposure to others who share their religious and cultural backgrounds, but they are concerned that he will develop prejudice toward people who are different than himself. Which of the following tips would you give them to reduce this concern?

Billy is liked by many of his classmates. He has a lot of friends, and no real 'enemies.' Even the kids with whom he does not share a close friendship generally find him pleasant and enjoy being around him. Billy would be described as a(n) ____ child.

The first way that children typically describe other people is through the use of _______________ features, such as behaviors or physical attributes.

Which BEST describes the relationship between parenting styles and children's temperaments?

Anita and Sarah are two adolescent girls who recently had their first "go steady" relationships. Coincidentally, their boyfriends both decided to end the relationships on the same day. Anita and Sarah have spent the last couple of days talking on the phone, spending time together, and texting each other about their broken hearts. This is an example of

Which of the following discipline techniques combines the best features of punishment while also avoiding its drawbacks?

Casey is a chronic victim of bullies. What is one way research suggests to decrease the likelihood that Casey will continue to be victimized?

As infants grow older, their relationships with siblings develop and become more complicated. All EXCEPT which of the following are ways in which these relationships change?

Which of the following pairs of siblings is most likely to have the closest, warmest relationship?

As children grow and develop, they begin to describe others in terms of abstract traits instead of just concrete features.

Who is MOST likely to abuse his child?

____ is any action that increases the likelihood of the response that it follows.

Maryann's mother asks her to go clean up her room, and Maryann promptly ignores the instruction. Her mother asks her again, and the outcome is the same. After a third attempt, this time with a bit of volume, Maryann starts whining that she doesn't want to clean up her room. Her mother finally gives up and says, "Fine, if you want to live in a filthy room, that's your choice." Maryann's mother has inadvertently increased the likelihood that Maryann will whine when asked to do a chore via the

____ aggression occurs when a child uses aggressive actions to achieve an explicit goal.

Cornelius is an elementary school child whose parents are having a conference with his teacher. "I've noticed," his teacher says, "that Cornelius is both intensely liked and disliked by several of his peers." Based on this observation, Cornelius would be regarded as a(n) ____ child.

What is the difference between instrumental, hostile, and relational aggression? Give an example of each type of aggression. Also, who are most likely to be victimized by such bullies?

Randy is a seven-year-old who exhibits a high degree of hostile aggression. What is he most likely to be like when he is in high school?