Exam 3: Socialization.

According to __________, we do not know who we are until we see ourselves as we believe that others see us. This perspective helps us understand how our self-identity is developed through our contact with others.

Two criticisms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development are that it says little about individual differences among children nor does it take into account cultural differences.

Distinguish between sociological and sociobiological perspectives on the development of human behavior.

Negative images regarding older persons reinforce __________, which is prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age, particularly older persons. It is reinforced by stereotypes, whereby people have narrow, fixed images of certain groups.

Tory is four years of age. He loves to dress up like Batman and pretend to save Gotham City from The Penguin. According to sociologist George Herbert Mead's theory, he is in the __________ stage of self-development.

Sociologists assert that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior. By contrast, sociobiologists focus on how humans design their own culture and transmit it from generation to generation through nurture (socialization).

Based on sociologist George Herbert Mead's theory, __________ often occurs through play and games, as children try out different roles (such as being mommy, daddy, doctor, or teacher) and gain an appreciation of them.

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, __________ refers to the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view.

Bob's football coach is a very important influence in his life. Many of Bob's actions are attempts to win the approval of his coach. Sociologist George Herbert Mead would suggest that the coach is one of Bob's __________.

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The __________, or conscience, consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality.

__________ are the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society.

In adolescence, peer groups are typically made up of people with similar interests and social activities. As adults, we continue to participate in peer groups of people with whom we share common interests and comparable occupations, income, and/or social position.

When asking a child what they want to be when they grow up; a seven-year-old child might say a "teacher," but a twelve-year-old child might reply that they would like a job that helps others. In relation to psychologist Jean Piaget's theory, the seven-year-old child would be in the __________ stage. By contrast, the twelve-year-old child would be in the __________ stage.

__________ theorists assert that students have different experiences in the school system depending on their social class, their racial/ethnic background, the neighborhood in which they live, and their sex/gender.

Outline the stages of cognitive development as set forth by psychologist Jean Piaget.

Psychologist Carol Gilligan concluded that women and men often have divergent views on morality based on differences in __________ and life experiences.

According to a sociological perspective, we can not form a sense of self or personal identity without intense social contact with others. The self represents the sum total of perception and feelings that an individual has of being a distinct, unique person (a sense of who and what one is).

Children whose biological and emotional needs are met in settings characterized by affection, warmth, and closeness see the world __________.

John and Nancy really would like to have a new sports utility vehicle now, but with the newborn baby they can't afford the monthly payments. After thinking about it, John says to Nancy, "I guess we'll have to wait until we have the money to buy it." According to psychologist Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which level is illustrated by this example?

A(n) __________ is a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institutions. Examples include military boot camps, jails and prisons, and concentration camps.