Chat with AIExam 7: Mood Disorders and Suicide
Patient X has rapid cycling bipolar I disorder.Patient X is MOST likely:
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VerifiedD
In 1989,Abramson and his colleagues revised Seligman's theory of learned helplessness,which had focused on specific attributions as the crucial factor in depression.What did Abramson and his colleagues change the focus to?
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Explain Aaron Beck's cognitive theory of depression.What is the "cognitive triad"? Give examples of the different types of cognitive errors.
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Answered by Examlex AI CopilotAaron Beck's cognitive theory of depression suggests that depression is caused by negative thought patterns and beliefs. According to Beck, individuals with depression tend to have distorted and negative views of themselves, the world, and the future. This negative thinking is known as the "cognitive triad," which consists of negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future.
The cognitive triad is a key concept in Beck's theory and refers to the three areas of negative thinking that contribute to depression. For example, someone with depression may have negative thoughts about themselves, such as feeling worthless or unlovable. They may also have negative thoughts about the world, seeing it as a hostile or unfair place. Finally, they may have negative thoughts about the future, believing that things will never improve or that they have no hope for a better life.
Beck also identified different types of cognitive errors that contribute to the cognitive triad and perpetuate depression. These cognitive errors include:
1. All-or-nothing thinking: This is when individuals see things in black and white terms, with no middle ground. For example, someone might think, "If I'm not perfect, then I'm a failure."
2. Overgeneralization: This involves making broad, sweeping conclusions based on a single event. For example, someone might think, "I failed this test, so I'm never going to succeed at anything."
3. Mental filtering: This is when individuals focus only on the negative aspects of a situation and ignore any positive aspects. For example, someone might receive many compliments on their work but only focus on the one negative comment.
4. Discounting the positive: This involves dismissing positive experiences or accomplishments as insignificant. For example, someone might think, "Sure, I did well on that project, but it was just luck."
5. Catastrophizing: This is when individuals assume the worst possible outcome will occur. For example, someone might think, "If I don't get this job, my life is over."
By identifying and challenging these cognitive errors, individuals can work to change their negative thought patterns and beliefs, ultimately reducing their symptoms of depression. Beck's cognitive theory of depression has been influential in the development of cognitive-behavioral therapy, which aims to help individuals recognize and change their negative thinking patterns.
About 10 percent of major depression episodes last as long as two years; however,most are time-limited.Approximately how long do they usually last?
(73) Wendy usually says,"It's all my fault," when anything goes wrong.Which dimension of the depressive attributional style is she reflecting?
(68) Angela belongs to an online support group for mothers with postpartum depression.Recently,ten mothers in the group have had their second child.How many of the mothers are likely to experience postpartum depression following these new births?
(78) Jamie is six years old and has been diagnosed with dysthymic disorder.What disorder is Jamie highly likely to develop as he gets older?
(82) Which disorder puts adolescents at a higher risk for aggression,sexual promiscuity,and accidental injury?
(83) According to Martin Seligman,people become anxious and depressed because they believe that they have no control over the stress in their lives.Which model of depression is this?
(81) According to several studies,which of the following has been found to show a strong association with depression in women?
(76) Current research into neurotransmitter systems has produced the "permissive hypothesis." What does this hypothesis state?
(84) Research has found that low levels of a neurotransmitter may be related to increased risk of suicide. What is that neurotransmitter?
(81) In their study of individuals who experienced a marital separation or divorce,but who had no previous history of severe depression,what did Bruce and Kim (1992)find?
(97) Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)helps depressed patients resolve relationship problems.Which of the following issues is NOT a likely focus of IPT?
(90) Jack has experienced recurrent episodes of major depressive disorder.In the intervals between the episodes,he does not seem to return to "normal." In fact,during those periods,he has been diagnosed as dysthymic.What condition does Jack most likely have?
(79) Bipolar II disorder is characterized by major depressive episodes alternating with hypomanic episodes,while bipolar I disorder is characterized by alternating episodes of major depression and another symptom.What is the other symptom?
(74) Consider Aaron Beck's depressive cognitive triad.Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that individuals think negatively about?
(76) A friend states he is mildly depressed but he's not sure,and he asks if there is any kind of laboratory test that could determine whether or not someone is depressed.What would you tell him?
(81) Andrew has been diagnosed with mania.Which of the following symptoms might Andrew be exhibiting?
(85) Darren wants to help reduce suicides in his town.He decides to try to find ways to tackle something that is associated with approximately one-quarter to one-half of all suicides.What might Darren's plan be?
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