Question 1

List and provide brief examples of the four ways that the Big five model can be accepted as a good map of personality.

Accepted Answer

F1F1F1S1F1F1F10Wide applicability: At a broad level, the big five traits are found in most languages. People in diverse cultures understand the traits, and the correlations among questionnaire items are similar to those found in English. The Big five are even found in non-human animal species, with traits coded by human observers or caretakers (Gosling, 2008). However, only genetically close species, such as chimpanzees, seem to have all five traits.
F1F1F1S1F1F1F10Heritability: The big five traits, like many personality characteristics, are moderately heritable (Bouchard & Loehlin, 2001). Genetic variation explains a substantial part of observed variation in traits; yet, this does not argue against the notion that development and experience are also important (see Chapter 3 for more on interpreting heritability).
F1F1F1S1F1F1F10Stability: On average, trait scores are remarkably stable over time, with sizable correlations between measurements taken decades apart.
F1F1F1S1F1F1F10Predictive power: Because traits are generally stable over long periods of time, we can use them to predict important life outcomes (Ozer & Benet-Martínez, 2006; Roberts, Kuncel, Shiner, Caspi, & Goldberg, 2007). Even when assessed years before, traits scores can indicate who is more likely to get and keep a good job, be happy, remain married or live a long and healthy life. For example, the traits of low conscientiousness, emotional stability and agreeableness predict divorce far better than low socioeconomic status; also, the big five traits (collectively) predict occupational status almost as well as general intelligence (Roberts et al., 2007). Especially relevant to positive psychology, extraversion and emotional stability are the best predictors of subjective well-being within a nation, even over long periods of time.

Question 2

States can provide information about traits when ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  measured at one point in time 
B)  they are observed multiple times to form a collection of behaviours 
C)  paired with strong emotions 
D)  paired with a clear goal 
A)  measured at one point in time 
B)  they are observed multiple times to form a collection of behaviours 
C)  paired with strong emotions 
D)  paired with a clear goal B

Question 3

What did Rusting (1999) conclude from her research on the cognitive processes behind introversion-extraversion and neuroticism? What does this research teach us about these personality traits and their implications?

Accepted Answer

F1F1F1S1F1F1F10We see that these traits predicted (correlated with) how people performed on positive versus negative content in the task. Extraversion was associated with more positive and neuroticism with more negative interpretations and recall. It seems these traits are associated with some biases in thinking, beyond motivation and emotional experience per se.
F1F1F1S1F1F1F10Extraverts seem more attuned to pleasure seeking. This makes them happier on average; yet, it can also get them into trouble at times (e.g. more accidents, drug abuse). In contrast, trait neuroticism reflects a sensitivity to threats and potential punishments. This can help keep people high in neuroticism safe, but with the costs of frequent anxiety and some missed opportunities

Question 4

______ are the things people want to accomplish.

Accepted Answer

A)  Needs 
B)  Goals 
C)  Traits 
D)  Desires 
A)  Needs 
B)  Goals 
C)  Traits 
D)  Desires

Question 5

The VIA classification of virtues and character strengths include ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance and transcendence 
B)  agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness and introversion-extraversion 
C)  sensation, intuition, perception and judgement 
D)  positive emotions, happiness, well-being and relationships 
A)  wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance and transcendence 
B)  agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness and introversion-extraversion 
C)  sensation, intuition, perception and judgement 
D)  positive emotions, happiness, well-being and relationships

Question 6

The 'manual of the sanities' crafted by positive psychologists was created ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  based on Aristotle's notion of eudaimonia 
B)  to list the ways that people thrive and excel 
C)  to list things that are good about human nature 
D)  to list people's strengths 
E)  All of these 
A)  based on Aristotle's notion of eudaimonia 
B)  to list the ways that people thrive and excel 
C)  to list things that are good about human nature 
D)  to list people's strengths 
E)  All of these

Question 7

______ define broader traits more concretely.

Accepted Answer

A)  Personality 
B)  Types 
C)  Values 
D)  Facets 
E)  Emotions 
A)  Personality 
B)  Types 
C)  Values 
D)  Facets 
E)  Emotions

Question 8

The classic formulation by personality psychologists Kluckholn and Murray (1948) says that every person is in certain respects ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  like all other people 
B)  like some other people 
C)  like no other person 
D)  All of these 
E)  None of these 
A)  like all other people 
B)  like some other people 
C)  like no other person 
D)  All of these 
E)  None of these

Question 9

______ are seen as universally important, positive and useful, but they are also prone to individual and cultural differences.

Accepted Answer

A)  Desires 
B)  The self-concept 
C)  Needs 
D)  Values 
A)  Desires 
B)  The self-concept 
C)  Needs 
D)  Values

Question 10

According to self-determination theory, all humans need ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  competence, autonomy and relatedness 
B)  to be capable to master new things, to pursue individual and intrinsic desires freely and to feel connected and have good interpersonal relationships 
C)  a self-concept 
D)  both competence, autonomy and relatedness and to be capable to master new things, to pursue individual and intrinsic desires freely, and to feel connected and have good interpersonal relationships 
E)  Both competence, autonomy and relatedness and a self-concept 
A)  competence, autonomy and relatedness 
B)  to be capable to master new things, to pursue individual and intrinsic desires freely and to feel connected and have good interpersonal relationships 
C)  a self-concept 
D)  both competence, autonomy and relatedness and to be capable to master new things, to pursue individual and intrinsic desires freely, and to feel connected and have good interpersonal relationships 
E)  Both competence, autonomy and relatedness and a self-concept

Question 11

______ are temporary and sensitive to the immediate context; they are short-term units.

Accepted Answer

A)  Traits 
B)  Personalities 
C)  States 
D)  Goals 
A)  Traits 
B)  Personalities 
C)  States 
D)  Goals

Question 12

Psychologists have used ______ to clarify the links between states and traits.

Accepted Answer

A)  experience sampling method 
B)  signature strengths 
C)  Myers Briggs type inventory 
D)  differences among people 
A)  experience sampling method 
B)  signature strengths 
C)  Myers Briggs type inventory 
D)  differences among people

Question 13

All approaches to the study of traits came to a relative consensus on a model of personality traits called ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  the Big five factor model 
B)  Myers Briggs type inventory 
C)  the VIA strengths model 
D)  self-determination theory 
E)  personality wheel of colour 
A)  the Big five factor model 
B)  Myers Briggs type inventory 
C)  the VIA strengths model 
D)  self-determination theory 
E)  personality wheel of colour

Question 14

Thinking that two things are the same because they share a name is known as ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  the jangle fallacy 
B)  the jingle fallacy 
C)  the perception fallacy 
D)  the Big five fallacy 
E)  None of these 
A)  the jangle fallacy 
B)  the jingle fallacy 
C)  the perception fallacy 
D)  the Big five fallacy 
E)  None of these

Question 15

______ refers to the individual, internal characteristics that produce regularities in thoughts, feelings and actions.

Accepted Answer

A)  Motives 
B)  Personality 
C)  Values 
D)  Desires 
E)  Self-esteem 
A)  Motives 
B)  Personality 
C)  Values 
D)  Desires 
E)  Self-esteem

Question 16

The middle level of individual differences-or what makes people different than some other people -includes, for example, demographics, values, attitudes, attachment styles and ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  traits 
B)  life stories 
C)  personal projects 
D)  idiosyncrasies 
A)  traits 
B)  life stories 
C)  personal projects 
D)  idiosyncrasies

Question 17

The goal of correlating an immense list of trait terms with one another was to ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  come up with a map of 'personality space' 
B)  identify key dimensions of human difference 
C)  prove that traits exist 
D)  both come up with a map of 'personality space' and identify key dimensions of human difference 
E)  both identify key dimensions of human difference and prove that traits exist 
A)  come up with a map of 'personality space' 
B)  identify key dimensions of human difference 
C)  prove that traits exist 
D)  both come up with a map of 'personality space' and identify key dimensions of human difference 
E)  both identify key dimensions of human difference and prove that traits exist

Question 18

Extraversion may result from ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  more resilience to potential threats in the environment 
B)  less sensitivity to potential rewards in the environment 
C)  stronger sensitivity to potential rewards in the environment 
D)  less resilience to potential threats in the environment 
A)  more resilience to potential threats in the environment 
B)  less sensitivity to potential rewards in the environment 
C)  stronger sensitivity to potential rewards in the environment 
D)  less resilience to potential threats in the environment

Question 19

Identify two important phases in the development of personalities. How do these phases interact with one another, and with the environment over time?

Accepted Answer

F1F1F1S1F1F1F10All people begin with th

Question 20

If you describe someone as reliable, curious, and shy, you are talking about ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  preferences 
B)  self-esteem 
C)  perceptions 
D)  judgements 
E)  traits 
A)  preferences 
B)  self-esteem 
C)  perceptions 
D)  judgements 
E)  traits

List and provide brief examples of the four ways that the Big five model can be accepted as a good map of personality.

States can provide information about traits when ______.

What did Rusting (1999) conclude from her research on the cognitive processes behind introversion-extraversion and neuroticism? What does this research teach us about these personality traits and their implications?

______ are the things people want to accomplish.

The VIA classification of virtues and character strengths include ______.

The 'manual of the sanities' crafted by positive psychologists was created ______.

______ define broader traits more concretely.

The classic formulation by personality psychologists Kluckholn and Murray (1948) says that every person is in certain respects ______.

______ are seen as universally important, positive and useful, but they are also prone to individual and cultural differences.

According to self-determination theory, all humans need ______.

______ are temporary and sensitive to the immediate context; they are short-term units.

Psychologists have used ______ to clarify the links between states and traits.

All approaches to the study of traits came to a relative consensus on a model of personality traits called ______.

Thinking that two things are the same because they share a name is known as ______.

______ refers to the individual, internal characteristics that produce regularities in thoughts, feelings and actions.

The middle level of individual differences-or what makes people different than some other people -includes, for example, demographics, values, attitudes, attachment styles and ______.

The goal of correlating an immense list of trait terms with one another was to ______.

Extraversion may result from ______.

Identify two important phases in the development of personalities. How do these phases interact with one another, and with the environment over time?

If you describe someone as reliable, curious, and shy, you are talking about ______.

Describing the Science of Positive Psychology

Positive Emotions

Happiness

The Self

Thinking

Social and Physical Environments

Close Relationships

Stability and Change

Looking Forward

Filters

Exam 4: Personality

List and provide brief examples of the four ways that the Big five model can be accepted as a good map of personality.

States can provide information about traits when ______.

What did Rusting (1999) conclude from her research on the cognitive processes behind introversion-extraversion and neuroticism? What does this research teach us about these personality traits and their implications?

______ are the things people want to accomplish.

The VIA classification of virtues and character strengths include ______.

The 'manual of the sanities' crafted by positive psychologists was created ______.

______ define broader traits more concretely.

The classic formulation by personality psychologists Kluckholn and Murray (1948) says that every person is in certain respects ______.

______ are seen as universally important, positive and useful, but they are also prone to individual and cultural differences.

According to self-determination theory, all humans need ______.

______ are temporary and sensitive to the immediate context; they are short-term units.

Psychologists have used ______ to clarify the links between states and traits.

All approaches to the study of traits came to a relative consensus on a model of personality traits called ______.

Thinking that two things are the same because they share a name is known as ______.

______ refers to the individual, internal characteristics that produce regularities in thoughts, feelings and actions.

The middle level of individual differences-or what makes people different than some other people -includes, for example, demographics, values, attitudes, attachment styles and ______.

The goal of correlating an immense list of trait terms with one another was to ______.

Extraversion may result from ______.

Identify two important phases in the development of personalities. How do these phases interact with one another, and with the environment over time?

If you describe someone as reliable, curious, and shy, you are talking about ______.

Describing the Science of Positive Psychology

Positive Emotions

Happiness

The Self

Thinking

Social and Physical Environments

Close Relationships

Stability and Change

Looking Forward

Filters