Question 1

Which of the following is predicted by sexual conflict theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  The sex with the more efficient immune system should provide more care. 
B)  The sex that is larger should provide less parental care. 
C)  The sex that is larger should produce the smaller gametes. 
D)  The sex with the higher cost of parental care should provide less care. 
E)  The sex with the higher cost of care should have the longer life span. 
A)  The sex with the more efficient immune system should provide more care. 
B)  The sex that is larger should provide less parental care. 
C)  The sex that is larger should produce the smaller gametes. 
D)  The sex with the higher cost of parental care should provide less care. 
E)  The sex with the higher cost of care should have the longer life span. D

Question 2

One benefit of brood parasitism is reduced parental care. How might this affect a brood parasite relative to a species that is not a brood parasite?

Accepted Answer

A)  The brood parasite will have higher current reproduction. 
B)  The brood parasite will have lower future reproduction. 
C)  The brood parasite will experience greater sexual selection. 
D)  The brood parasite will experience greater sexual conflict. 
E)  The brood parasite will experience greater parent-offspring conflict. 
A)  The brood parasite will have higher current reproduction. 
B)  The brood parasite will have lower future reproduction. 
C)  The brood parasite will experience greater sexual selection. 
D)  The brood parasite will experience greater sexual conflict. 
E)  The brood parasite will experience greater parent-offspring conflict. A

Question 3

Which of Tinbergen's four questions was addressed in the study by Rankin, Fox, & Stotsky (1995) on parental care in earwigs?

Accepted Answer

The study addressed Tinbergen's question, "What mechanism causes the behavior?" The research showed that juvenile hormone level influences the duration of parental care behavior in this species.

Question 4

What trade-off did Zink (2003) observe in treehoppers?

Accepted Answer

A)  Females that provided abundant care to their first clutch were less likely to produce a second clutch of eggs. 
B)  If males provided a high level of care for a clutch, females provided a low level. 
C)  Young females provided higher levels of care than did older females. 
D)  Populations exhibited either high or low levels of parental care. 
E)  Individuals that took the greatest risks obtained the highest fitness. 
A)  Females that provided abundant care to their first clutch were less likely to produce a second clutch of eggs. 
B)  If males provided a high level of care for a clutch, females provided a low level. 
C)  Young females provided higher levels of care than did older females. 
D)  Populations exhibited either high or low levels of parental care. 
E)  Individuals that took the greatest risks obtained the highest fitness.

Question 5

In treehoppers, there is variation in the amount of care provided to offspring. What hypothesis explains this variation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sexual selection theory 
B)  Predation risk-energy intake rate trade-off theory 
C)  Sexual conflict theory 
D)  Parent-offspring conflict theory 
E)  Parental care theory 
A)  Sexual selection theory 
B)  Predation risk-energy intake rate trade-off theory 
C)  Sexual conflict theory 
D)  Parent-offspring conflict theory 
E)  Parental care theory

Question 6

Male-only care is rare in insects with internal fertilization but is found in the giant water bug. What hypothesis explains this observation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Males mate exclusively with one female. 
B)  Males mate repeatedly with a female whose eggs he cares for. 
C)  Females are physiologically incapable of providing care. 
D)  Females would cannibalize eggs if males did not provide care. 
E)  Only males can defend eggs from predators. 
A)  Males mate exclusively with one female. 
B)  Males mate repeatedly with a female whose eggs he cares for. 
C)  Females are physiologically incapable of providing care. 
D)  Females would cannibalize eggs if males did not provide care. 
E)  Only males can defend eggs from predators.

Question 7

Male-only care is rare in birds but relatively common in fish. What two factors are hypothesized to explain this difference?

Accepted Answer

A)  Evolutionary age and body size 
B)  Mode of fertilization and termination of growth 
C)  Respiratory physiology and body size 
D)  Reproductive potential and length of the breeding season 
E)  Mating system and sex ratio 
A)  Evolutionary age and body size 
B)  Mode of fertilization and termination of growth 
C)  Respiratory physiology and body size 
D)  Reproductive potential and length of the breeding season 
E)  Mating system and sex ratio

Question 8

What hormone is associated with high levels of parental care in birds and mammals?

Accepted Answer

A)  Testosterone 
B)  Estradiol 
C)  Progesterone 
D)  Juvenile hormone 
E)  Prolactin 
A)  Testosterone 
B)  Estradiol 
C)  Progesterone 
D)  Juvenile hormone 
E)  Prolactin

Question 9

Describe one prediction of parent-offspring conflict theory in regards to the level of care provided to current and future offspring.

Accepted Answer

As the cost of provi

Question 10

You quantify mean egg size for three species of fish. For species A, mean egg size is 0.6 mm diameter; for species B, mean egg size is 0.4 mm diameter; and for species C, mean egg size is 0.2 mm diameter. Based on the life history data collected by Vila-Gispert, Moreno-Amich, and García-Berthou (2002), what prediction can you make about relative levels of parental care in these species?

Accepted Answer

A)  A will most likely exhibit the greatest level of care. 
B)  B will most likely exhibit the greatest level of care. 
C)  C will most likely exhibit the greatest level of care. 
D)  All species will exhibit the same low level of care. 
E)  None of the species will exhibit parental care. 
A)  A will most likely exhibit the greatest level of care. 
B)  B will most likely exhibit the greatest level of care. 
C)  C will most likely exhibit the greatest level of care. 
D)  All species will exhibit the same low level of care. 
E)  None of the species will exhibit parental care.

Question 11

What two factors promote the evolution of male-biased parental care in many fish?

Accepted Answer

External fertilization reduces the cost

Question 12

What factor is hypothesized to affect the degree of brood reduction in species with hatch asynchrony?

Accepted Answer

A)  The level of predation risk 
B)  The level of food resources 
C)  The degree of genetic variation in offspring 
D)  The existence of extra-pair offspring 
E)  The mating system of the species 
A)  The level of predation risk 
B)  The level of food resources 
C)  The degree of genetic variation in offspring 
D)  The existence of extra-pair offspring 
E)  The mating system of the species

Question 13

Most mammals and birds exhibit female-biased parental. Why?

Accepted Answer

Paternity uncertainty is highe

Question 14

What factor affected the level of care in male blue-footed boobies?

Accepted Answer

A)  Male size 
B)  Certainty of paternity b. Certainty of paternity 
C)  Female size 
D)  Female fecundity 
E)  Level of predation risk 
A)  Male size 
B)  Certainty of paternity b. Certainty of paternity 
C)  Female size 
D)  Female fecundity 
E)  Level of predation risk

Question 15

Interspecific brood parasites ____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  increase the reproductive success of another species 
B)  affect the immune system of a different species 
C)  fertilize the eggs of heterospecifics 
D)  enhance the fitness of a heterospecific species 
E)  lay eggs in the nest of heterospecifics 
A)  increase the reproductive success of another species 
B)  affect the immune system of a different species 
C)  fertilize the eggs of heterospecifics 
D)  enhance the fitness of a heterospecific species 
E)  lay eggs in the nest of heterospecifics

Question 16

Explain how brood reduction (the death of an offspring), can enhance the fitness of a parent?

Accepted Answer

If the costs of care for a cur

Question 17

In earwigs, high levels of parental care are associated with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Low levels of testosterone 
B)  High levels of prolactin 
C)  Low levels of estradiol 
D)  High levels of luteinizing hormone 
E)  Low levels of juvenile hormone 
A)  Low levels of testosterone 
B)  High levels of prolactin 
C)  Low levels of estradiol 
D)  High levels of luteinizing hormone 
E)  Low levels of juvenile hormone

Question 18

In common eiders, experimentally increased current reproduction was associated with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reduced prior reproduction 
B)  Enhanced lifetime reproduction 
C)  Increased predation risk 
D)  Reduced future reproduction 
E)  Enhanced variation in life history traits 
A)  Reduced prior reproduction 
B)  Enhanced lifetime reproduction 
C)  Increased predation risk 
D)  Reduced future reproduction 
E)  Enhanced variation in life history traits

Which of the following is predicted by sexual conflict theory?

One benefit of brood parasitism is reduced parental care. How might this affect a brood parasite relative to a species that is not a brood parasite?

Which of Tinbergen's four questions was addressed in the study by Rankin, Fox, & Stotsky (1995) on parental care in earwigs?

What trade-off did Zink (2003) observe in treehoppers?

In treehoppers, there is variation in the amount of care provided to offspring. What hypothesis explains this variation?

Male-only care is rare in insects with internal fertilization but is found in the giant water bug. What hypothesis explains this observation?

Male-only care is rare in birds but relatively common in fish. What two factors are hypothesized to explain this difference?

What hormone is associated with high levels of parental care in birds and mammals?

Describe one prediction of parent-offspring conflict theory in regards to the level of care provided to current and future offspring.

What two factors promote the evolution of male-biased parental care in many fish?

What factor is hypothesized to affect the degree of brood reduction in species with hatch asynchrony?

Most mammals and birds exhibit female-biased parental. Why?

What factor affected the level of care in male blue-footed boobies?

Interspecific brood parasites ____________.

Explain how brood reduction (the death of an offspring), can enhance the fitness of a parent?

In earwigs, high levels of parental care are associated with which of the following?

In common eiders, experimentally increased current reproduction was associated with which of the following?

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Exam 14: Parental Care

Which of the following is predicted by sexual conflict theory?

One benefit of brood parasitism is reduced parental care. How might this affect a brood parasite relative to a species that is not a brood parasite?

Which of Tinbergen's four questions was addressed in the study by Rankin, Fox, & Stotsky (1995) on parental care in earwigs?

What trade-off did Zink (2003) observe in treehoppers?

In treehoppers, there is variation in the amount of care provided to offspring. What hypothesis explains this variation?

Male-only care is rare in insects with internal fertilization but is found in the giant water bug. What hypothesis explains this observation?

Male-only care is rare in birds but relatively common in fish. What two factors are hypothesized to explain this difference?

What hormone is associated with high levels of parental care in birds and mammals?

Describe one prediction of parent-offspring conflict theory in regards to the level of care provided to current and future offspring.

What two factors promote the evolution of male-biased parental care in many fish?

What factor is hypothesized to affect the degree of brood reduction in species with hatch asynchrony?

Most mammals and birds exhibit female-biased parental. Why?

What factor affected the level of care in male blue-footed boobies?

Interspecific brood parasites ____________.

Explain how brood reduction (the death of an offspring), can enhance the fitness of a parent?

In earwigs, high levels of parental care are associated with which of the following?

In common eiders, experimentally increased current reproduction was associated with which of the following?

The Science of Animal Behavior

Methods for Studying Animal Behavior

Evolution and the Study of Animal Behavior

Behavioral Genetics

Sensory Systems and Behavior

Communication

Learning, Neuroethology, and Cognition

Foraging Behavior

Antipredator Behavior

Dispersal and Migration

Habitat Selection, Territoriality, and Aggression

Mating Behavior

Mating Systems

Sociality

Cooperative Behavior

Filters