Question 1

Muller (1998) observed conspecific attraction in desert clickers. What hypothesized mechanism explains her observations?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rheotaxis 
B)  The dilution effect 
C)  Frequency-dependent selection 
D)  An Allee effect 
E)  Predation risk 
A)  Rheotaxis 
B)  The dilution effect 
C)  Frequency-dependent selection 
D)  An Allee effect 
E)  Predation risk D

Question 2

You are studying predation mortality in a population of small birds and notice that individuals in groups of less than five individuals suffer higher mortality than those in groups larger than five individuals. This observation is consistent with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  The dilution effect 
B)  An Allee effect 
C)  The selfish herd hypothesis 
D)  Conspecific cueing 
E)  Social queuing 
A)  The dilution effect 
B)  An Allee effect 
C)  The selfish herd hypothesis 
D)  Conspecific cueing 
E)  Social queuing B

Question 3

In contests over resources, which individual has the highest probability of winning an aggressive contest?

Accepted Answer

A)  The one with the greatest behavioral flexibility 
B)  The one that plays the hawk strategy 
C)  The one that plays the dove strategy 
D)  The one that plays both the hawk and the dove strategy 
E)  The one with the highest resource-holding power 
A)  The one with the greatest behavioral flexibility 
B)  The one that plays the hawk strategy 
C)  The one that plays the dove strategy 
D)  The one that plays both the hawk and the dove strategy 
E)  The one with the highest resource-holding power E

Question 4

In Mozambique tilapia, Oliveira and colleagues (2001) demonstrated that increased testosterone levels were associated with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Observing an aggressive interaction 
B)  Engaging in an aggressive interaction 
C)  Winning an aggressive interaction 
D)  Increased age 
E)  Increased body size 
A)  Observing an aggressive interaction 
B)  Engaging in an aggressive interaction 
C)  Winning an aggressive interaction 
D)  Increased age 
E)  Increased body size

Question 5

Abrahams (1989) observed that guppies did not distribute themselves according to the ideal free distribution model in the first trial of a day. What assumption of the model was likely not met at this time of the day?

Accepted Answer

Individuals likely could not a

Question 6

State the five assumptions of the ideal free distribution model.

Accepted Answer

1) Individuals attempt to maximize their

Question 7

In mice, winners of a fight tend to win future fights. What hypothesized mechanism explains these observations?

Accepted Answer

A)  Winning enhances attractiveness to females. 
B)  Winning reduces stress level. 
C)  Winning reduces metabolic rate. 
D)  Winning elevates testosterone level. 
E)  Winning reduces juvenile hormone level. 
A)  Winning enhances attractiveness to females. 
B)  Winning reduces stress level. 
C)  Winning reduces metabolic rate. 
D)  Winning elevates testosterone level. 
E)  Winning reduces juvenile hormone level.

Question 8

What mechanism explains the observations of conspecific cueing by individual desert clickers and American redstarts?

Accepted Answer

A)  Individuals responded to the vocalizations of predators. 
B)  Individuals responded to the sight of conspecifics. 
C)  Individuals responded to the sight of predators. 
D)  Individuals responded to the odor of conspecifics. 
E)  Individuals responded to the vocalizations of conspecifics. 
A)  Individuals responded to the vocalizations of predators. 
B)  Individuals responded to the sight of conspecifics. 
C)  Individuals responded to the sight of predators. 
D)  Individuals responded to the odor of conspecifics. 
E)  Individuals responded to the vocalizations of conspecifics.

Question 9

Why does the hawk-dove model predict variation in fighting behavior in a population?

Accepted Answer

A)  The fitness of hawk and dove strategies are equal in the evolutionary stable strategy (ESS). 
B)  The fitness of the hawk strategy is greater than the fitness of the dove strategy. 
C)  The fitness of the dove strategy is greater than the fitness of the hawk strategy. 
D)  The fitness of each strategy varies over time. 
E)  Because it is an asymmetric game 
A)  The fitness of hawk and dove strategies are equal in the evolutionary stable strategy (ESS). 
B)  The fitness of the hawk strategy is greater than the fitness of the dove strategy. 
C)  The fitness of the dove strategy is greater than the fitness of the hawk strategy. 
D)  The fitness of each strategy varies over time. 
E)  Because it is an asymmetric game

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT true about habitat selection in pike in Lake Windemere?

Accepted Answer

A)  Individuals distributed themselves according to the ideal free distribution model. 
B)  Fitness was negatively density-dependent in each basin. 
C)  Population size varied over time. 
D)  The south basin was the higher-quality habitat. 
E)  Individuals used a win-stay lose-shift habitat selection strategy. 
A)  Individuals distributed themselves according to the ideal free distribution model. 
B)  Fitness was negatively density-dependent in each basin. 
C)  Population size varied over time. 
D)  The south basin was the higher-quality habitat. 
E)  Individuals used a win-stay lose-shift habitat selection strategy.

Question 11

Describe the data you would use to distinguish whether individuals in a newly discovered species established territories or rather used home ranges instead.

Accepted Answer

Record the movements of different indivi

Question 12

What data suggested that guppies distribute themselves in two food patches according to the ideal free distribution model?

Accepted Answer

A)  The ratio of individuals matched the ratio of food provided in the two patches. 
B)  Dominant individuals settled in the high-quality patch. 
C)  Competition was more intense in the high-quality patch. 
D)  Energy intake rate was correlated with food patch quality. 
E)  Fitness of individuals was a function of food patch quality. 
A)  The ratio of individuals matched the ratio of food provided in the two patches. 
B)  Dominant individuals settled in the high-quality patch. 
C)  Competition was more intense in the high-quality patch. 
D)  Energy intake rate was correlated with food patch quality. 
E)  Fitness of individuals was a function of food patch quality.

Question 13

Describe two mechanisms that are used to explain observations of conspecific attraction. How do experiments on desert clickers and American redstarts relate to these mechanisms.

Accepted Answer

Allee effects occur when individual fitn

Question 14

What data are required to document an Allee effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  Patterns of mating behavior 
B)  The movement behavior of individuals 
C)  The habitat selection of individuals 
D)  The frequency of aggressive interactions in a population 
E)  The fitness of individuals 
A)  Patterns of mating behavior 
B)  The movement behavior of individuals 
C)  The habitat selection of individuals 
D)  The frequency of aggressive interactions in a population 
E)  The fitness of individuals

Question 15

Imagine a situation in which the amount of resources in two habitat patches varies each year and individuals distribute themselves according to the ideal free distribution model. If you were to collect data on the density of individuals in each patch each year and then plot these data on a graph, what relationship would be predicted?

Accepted Answer

A)  A straight line with negative slope 
B)  A horizontal line 
C)  A straight line with positive slope 
D)  A vertical line 
E)  A curved line with multiple peaks 
A)  A straight line with negative slope 
B)  A horizontal line 
C)  A straight line with positive slope 
D)  A vertical line 
E)  A curved line with multiple peaks

Question 16

What is the hypothesized benefit of conspecific cueing in American redstarts?

Accepted Answer

A)  A reduction in competition 
B)  A reduction in predation risk 
C)  A reduction in the time to find a high-quality habitat 
D)  A reduction in the energetic costs of parental care 
E)  An increase in immune system function 
A)  A reduction in competition 
B)  A reduction in predation risk 
C)  A reduction in the time to find a high-quality habitat 
D)  A reduction in the energetic costs of parental care 
E)  An increase in immune system function

Question 17

What data are required in order to plot an isodar?

Accepted Answer

A)  The number of resources in two habitat patches over several years 
B)  The number of individuals in two habitat patches over several years 
C)  The change in fitness of two populations each year 
D)  The fitness of individuals in a population that changes each year 
E)  The population size that results in positive fitness each year in a habitat 
A)  The number of resources in two habitat patches over several years 
B)  The number of individuals in two habitat patches over several years 
C)  The change in fitness of two populations each year 
D)  The fitness of individuals in a population that changes each year 
E)  The population size that results in positive fitness each year in a habitat

Question 18

What distinguishes a territory from a home range?

Accepted Answer

A)  The presence or absence of aggressive defense 
B)  Their relative sizes 
C)  Their habitat qualities 
D)  The degree of heterogeneity in them 
E)  The frequency of mating behavior that occurs in them 
A)  The presence or absence of aggressive defense 
B)  Their relative sizes 
C)  Their habitat qualities 
D)  The degree of heterogeneity in them 
E)  The frequency of mating behavior that occurs in them

Question 19

In striped parrotfish, which of the following is negatively correlated with territory size?

Accepted Answer

A)  Density of competitors 
B)  Resource density 
C)  Total resource amount 
D)  Predator density 
E)  Total number of potential mates 
A)  Density of competitors 
B)  Resource density 
C)  Total resource amount 
D)  Predator density 
E)  Total number of potential mates

Question 20

Why do we expect that territory size will often be negatively correlated with the number of competitors in the environment?

Accepted Answer

A)  As competitors increase, stabilizing selection increases. 
B)  As competitors increase, individuals require more food. 
C)  As competitors increase, disease transmission rates increase. 
D)  As competitors increase, density-dependent selection increases. 
E)  As competitors increase, so does the cost of territory defense. 
A)  As competitors increase, stabilizing selection increases. 
B)  As competitors increase, individuals require more food. 
C)  As competitors increase, disease transmission rates increase. 
D)  As competitors increase, density-dependent selection increases. 
E)  As competitors increase, so does the cost of territory defense.

Muller (1998) observed conspecific attraction in desert clickers. What hypothesized mechanism explains her observations?

You are studying predation mortality in a population of small birds and notice that individuals in groups of less than five individuals suffer higher mortality than those in groups larger than five individuals. This observation is consistent with which of the following?

In contests over resources, which individual has the highest probability of winning an aggressive contest?

In Mozambique tilapia, Oliveira and colleagues (2001) demonstrated that increased testosterone levels were associated with which of the following?

Abrahams (1989) observed that guppies did not distribute themselves according to the ideal free distribution model in the first trial of a day. What assumption of the model was likely not met at this time of the day?

State the five assumptions of the ideal free distribution model.

In mice, winners of a fight tend to win future fights. What hypothesized mechanism explains these observations?

What mechanism explains the observations of conspecific cueing by individual desert clickers and American redstarts?

Why does the hawk-dove model predict variation in fighting behavior in a population?

Which of the following is NOT true about habitat selection in pike in Lake Windemere?

Describe the data you would use to distinguish whether individuals in a newly discovered species established territories or rather used home ranges instead.

What data suggested that guppies distribute themselves in two food patches according to the ideal free distribution model?

Describe two mechanisms that are used to explain observations of conspecific attraction. How do experiments on desert clickers and American redstarts relate to these mechanisms.

What data are required to document an Allee effect?

What is the hypothesized benefit of conspecific cueing in American redstarts?

What data are required in order to plot an isodar?

What distinguishes a territory from a home range?

In striped parrotfish, which of the following is negatively correlated with territory size?

Why do we expect that territory size will often be negatively correlated with the number of competitors in the environment?

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Exam 11: Habitat Selection, Territoriality, and Aggression

Muller (1998) observed conspecific attraction in desert clickers. What hypothesized mechanism explains her observations?

You are studying predation mortality in a population of small birds and notice that individuals in groups of less than five individuals suffer higher mortality than those in groups larger than five individuals. This observation is consistent with which of the following?

In contests over resources, which individual has the highest probability of winning an aggressive contest?

In Mozambique tilapia, Oliveira and colleagues (2001) demonstrated that increased testosterone levels were associated with which of the following?

Abrahams (1989) observed that guppies did not distribute themselves according to the ideal free distribution model in the first trial of a day. What assumption of the model was likely not met at this time of the day?

State the five assumptions of the ideal free distribution model.

In mice, winners of a fight tend to win future fights. What hypothesized mechanism explains these observations?

What mechanism explains the observations of conspecific cueing by individual desert clickers and American redstarts?

Why does the hawk-dove model predict variation in fighting behavior in a population?

Which of the following is NOT true about habitat selection in pike in Lake Windemere?

Describe the data you would use to distinguish whether individuals in a newly discovered species established territories or rather used home ranges instead.

What data suggested that guppies distribute themselves in two food patches according to the ideal free distribution model?

Describe two mechanisms that are used to explain observations of conspecific attraction. How do experiments on desert clickers and American redstarts relate to these mechanisms.

What data are required to document an Allee effect?

What is the hypothesized benefit of conspecific cueing in American redstarts?

What data are required in order to plot an isodar?

What distinguishes a territory from a home range?

In striped parrotfish, which of the following is negatively correlated with territory size?

Why do we expect that territory size will often be negatively correlated with the number of competitors in the environment?

The Science of Animal Behavior

Methods for Studying Animal Behavior

Evolution and the Study of Animal Behavior

Behavioral Genetics

Sensory Systems and Behavior

Communication

Learning, Neuroethology, and Cognition

Foraging Behavior

Antipredator Behavior

Dispersal and Migration

Mating Behavior

Mating Systems

Parental Care

Sociality

Cooperative Behavior

Filters