Exam 5: Determinants of Parenting

Allejandro lives in an urban high-rise apartment in a poverty-stricken neighborhood. His parents have taught him to distrust anyone who is not a family member and they have encouraged aggressive play and independence since he was very young. Which of the following statements best describes why Allejandro's parents parented in this manner?

A child's gender does NOT play a role in the expectations parents have of their children.

The discomfort or distress that stems from the child or parenting role is labeled ______.

Assistance from others, or social support, ______.

Lila and her son, Jacob, were visiting friends one afternoon when Jacob melted into a terrible tantrum. Lila wondered if he was tired, then thought quickly about what might help him regain his composure. Her attempt to understand Jacob's experience from his point of view reveals her ______.

Belsky and his colleagues believed that ______ played the most important role in parenting behaviors.

Stressed parents are likely to be irritable, negative, punitive, and withdrawn.

Fathers are sometimes observed to behave differently toward their sons than toward their daughters. This is an example of a(n) ______ effect between the gender of the parent and the gender of the child.

Parental attitudes shape the behaviors of mothers and fathers toward their sons and daughters. For example, ______ tend to place importance on expressive issues like emotion but ______ tend to place importance on instrumental issues like responsibility.

Which of the following influences were NOT included in Belsky's model of parenting behavior?

Obedience and the ability to "stick to the rules" are more likely to pay off in ______ occupations.

A compensatory effect of child-rearing determinants occurs when the effects of one ______.

According to a 2016 study published about parent-child conversations after trips to the emergency room, parents were how many more times more likely to warn girls to be careful about engaging in certain activities than boys?

Short-term goals are a powerful influence on parenting behaviors. ______ are intended to prepare the child for long-term success.

Prior experience is NOT a central parental characteristic related to child-rearing.

Parenting stressors appear to have a(n) ______ effect. That is, as new stressors are experienced, the likelihood of a poor child-rearing environment is increased.

Several cross-cultural studies have examined relations between organized religion, ______ (how faithfully religion is practiced), and adult values.

As of 2018, about ______ of mothers of small children in the United States worked outside the home.

Evans, Maxwell, and Hart (1999) studied the effects of crowding on parent-child communication. The researchers found that crowding ______.

Greenberger and her colleagues found that mothers and fathers are equally committed to employers and also share similar levels of job satisfaction. In addition, the researchers found that ______.