Exam 8: Social Conflict, Critical Criminology, and Restorative Justice

The study of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the penal system in which such crimes are prosecuted and tried are known as ________________.

_________ is a method of correction that encourages offenders to confront their misdeeds, experience shame because of the harm they caused, and then be reincluded in society.

According to critical criminologists, crime is a __________ concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes at the expense of the poor.

The racial threat hypothesis states that, as the number of minority group members in the community increases, law enforcement agents become more punitive.

In 1973, critical theory was given a powerful academic boost when British scholars Ian Taylor, Paul Walton, and Jock Young published __________________.

In order to escape from a stifling life in male-dominated families, girls may try to break away by running away or even attempting suicide: this is a _____ behavior.

Within Marxist thought, the people who perform the actual work are called:

The United States is only one of three countries with no examples of state-organized crime.

In his_____________________, Marx focused his attention on the economic conditions perpetuated by the capitalist system.

Explain the differences between reintegrative and stigmatizing shaming.

The view held by Marx that the laboring class produces goods whose value exceeds that of wages is known as:

______________ is an approach in which community organization efforts eliminate or reduce crime before police involvement becomes necessary.

In 1968, a group of British sociologists formed the ___________________, made up of 300 members who were critical of positivist criminology and rejected the conservative stance of criminologists and their close financial relationships with government agencies.

According to the instrumental view, capitalist justice serves the powerful and rich and enables them to impose their morality and standards of behavior on the entire society.

Conflict theorists believe that ______________ occurs when people are thrust outside the economic mainstream, forcing a larger portion of the population to live in areas conducive to crime.

Georg W. H. Hegel argued that for every idea or thesis there exists an opposing argument or:

In what type of families do husbands and wives share similar positions of power at home and at the workplace?

Some schools have embraced restorative justice practices to deal with students who are involved in drug and alcohol abuse without having to resort to more punitive measures such as expulsion.

Explain sentencing circles and how they differ from other, more traditional types of punishment (e.g., incarceration).

Braithwaite's vision rests on the concept of ___________; the feeling we get when we don't meet the standards we have set for ourselves or that significant others have set for us.