Exam 20: The European Middle Ages, C 800-1500

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The term "Lollards" refers to a pre-Protestant Christian religious movement that existed from the late 14th century to the English Reformation. It is named after the followers of John Wycliffe, an English theologian, philosopher, church reformer, and Oxford professor who is considered a precursor to Protestantism. Wycliffe criticized the wealth and power of the Church, the corruption among the clergy, and advocated for the translation of the Bible into the vernacular English so that laypeople could read it for themselves.

The Lollards challenged many of the teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church, such as the doctrine of transubstantiation, the sale of indulgences, the veneration of saints, and the authority of the Pope. They also promoted the idea that the Bible should be the primary authority for Christians, rather than the Church hierarchy.

The movement was initially centered in England, but it had some influence in other parts of Europe as well. Lollardy was met with strong opposition from the Church, and many of its adherents were persecuted. Despite this, the ideas of the Lollards persisted and can be seen as contributing to the broader Reformation that took place in the 16th century, which led to the establishment of various Protestant denominations.

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The term "Babylonian Captivity" refers to a period in Jewish history during which a number of people from the ancient Kingdom of Judah were captives in Babylonia. This event is also known as the Babylonian Exile. It began with the first deportation of Jews from Jerusalem to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar II in 597 BCE, following the siege of Jerusalem. The captivity continued with a second deportation in 587/586 BCE after the destruction of Solomon's Temple and the conquest of Jerusalem, and it lasted until approximately 538 BCE.

The Babylonian Captivity had a profound impact on Jewish life and culture. During this period, the Jewish people were forced to adapt to life in a foreign land, which led to significant religious and social changes. It was during the exile that much of the Hebrew Bible was compiled and edited, and the foundations of modern Judaism were laid as the exiles sought to preserve their religious identity away from their homeland.

The exile ended when the Persian king Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and issued a decree in 538 BCE that allowed the Jews to return to Judah. This return is known as the end of the Babylonian Captivity, and it led to the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem, an event that is chronicled in the biblical books of Ezra and Nehemiah.