Question 1

According to the response allocation approach, reinforcement effects occur because

Accepted Answer

A) behavioral regulatory mechanisms function to minimize deviations from the optimal distribution of responses. 
B) the drive state changes due to the instrumental contingency. 
C) an animal attempts to earn as many reinforcers as possible, given the time constraints. 
D) the animal seeks to maximize the sensory reinforcement of the contingent behavior. 
A) behavioral regulatory mechanisms function to minimize deviations from the optimal distribution of responses. 
B) the drive state changes due to the instrumental contingency. 
C) an animal attempts to earn as many reinforcers as possible, given the time constraints. 
D) the animal seeks to maximize the sensory reinforcement of the contingent behavior.

Question 2

If you wanted to increase the "price" in an instrumental procedure, you could

Accepted Answer

A) increase the size of the reinforcer. 
B) increase the sensory reinforcement of the reward. 
C) increase the number of lever presses required. 
D) increase the deprivation time. 
A) increase the size of the reinforcer. 
B) increase the sensory reinforcement of the reward. 
C) increase the number of lever presses required. 
D) increase the deprivation time.

Question 3

Newspapers have seen a steep decline in readership due to the availability of 24 h news channels.This demonstrates that the elasticity of demand

Accepted Answer

A) is dependent on the availability of substitutes. 
B) is invariant for luxury items. 
C) is invariant for necessary items. 
D) is independent of consumer desire. 
A) is dependent on the availability of substitutes. 
B) is invariant for luxury items. 
C) is invariant for necessary items. 
D) is independent of consumer desire.

Question 4

A rat spends equal amounts of time running and drinking.In a graph of this behavior, time spent running is represented on the x axis.The y axis represents time spent drinking.When running is restricted by an instrumental constraint, the slope of the line representing the new instrumental contingency

Accepted Answer

A) is steeper than the slope of the line through the bliss point. 
B) is less steep than the slope of the line through the bliss point. 
C) is the same as the slope of the line through the bliss point. 
D) cannot be determined with the above information. 
A) is steeper than the slope of the line through the bliss point. 
B) is less steep than the slope of the line through the bliss point. 
C) is the same as the slope of the line through the bliss point. 
D) cannot be determined with the above information.

Question 5

Which of the following relationships are not included in two process theory?

Accepted Answer

A) O-O 
B) R-O 
C) S(R-O) 
D) none of the above are included 
A) O-O 
B) R-O 
C) S(R-O) 
D) none of the above are included

Question 6

Fearing failure, Keith was cramming for his upcoming exam under the watchful eye of mean old Professor Jones. According to two-process theory, when Keith notices the evil professor pull out his briefcase in order to leave, Keith will study

Accepted Answer

A) more intensely at first and the less intensely. 
B) at the same rate. 
C) less intensely. 
D) more intensely. 
A) more intensely at first and the less intensely. 
B) at the same rate. 
C) less intensely. 
D) more intensely.

Question 7

If a situation remains unchanged during an experiment, the unrestricted baseline is assumed to

Accepted Answer

A) vary with the physiological drive state of the animal. 
B) vary with shifting motivational states of the organism. 
C) be stable across time for an organism. 
D) vary with differing behaviors of the animal. 
A) vary with the physiological drive state of the animal. 
B) vary with shifting motivational states of the organism. 
C) be stable across time for an organism. 
D) vary with differing behaviors of the animal.

Question 8

Compare the Premack principle to the response deprivation hypothesis.What evidence supports the response deprivation hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare the Premack principle to the response...

Question 9

Which of the following is not considered a determinant of the elasticity of demand?

Accepted Answer

A) availability of substitutes 
B) price range 
C) income level 
D) reinforcer quantity 
A) availability of substitutes 
B) price range 
C) income level 
D) reinforcer quantity

Question 10

According to reward-specific expectancies, lever press behavior rewarded with access to food will most increase if a CS is presented that had previously been paired with

Accepted Answer

A) water 
B) sugar water 
C) food 
D) all of the above 
A) water 
B) sugar water 
C) food 
D) all of the above

Question 11

One contribution of the response allocation approach was that it moved us toward considering instrumental conditioning as

Accepted Answer

A) stamping in instrumental behavior. 
B) creating a new distribution of responses. 
C) strengthening an instrumental response. 
D) a biological mechanism. 
A) stamping in instrumental behavior. 
B) creating a new distribution of responses. 
C) strengthening an instrumental response. 
D) a biological mechanism.

Question 12

According to the minimum deviation model, when an instrumental contingency is imposed that will not allow an animal to achieve its behavioral bliss point,

Accepted Answer

A) the animal will fulfill the optimal level of responding for biologically driven responses. 
B) the animal will fulfill the optimal level of responding only for the instrumental response. 
C) the animal will compromise and perform more of the instrumental response and less of the contingent response. 
D) the animal will fulfill the optimal level of the contingent response. 
A) the animal will fulfill the optimal level of responding for biologically driven responses. 
B) the animal will fulfill the optimal level of responding only for the instrumental response. 
C) the animal will compromise and perform more of the instrumental response and less of the contingent response. 
D) the animal will fulfill the optimal level of the contingent response.

Question 13

The findings from Pavlovian instrumental transfer experiments generally support

Accepted Answer

A) the Hull-Spence rg-sg mechanism. 
B) reward-specific expectancy theory. 
C) the modern two-process theory. 
D) SOP and AESOP theories. 
A) the Hull-Spence rg-sg mechanism. 
B) reward-specific expectancy theory. 
C) the modern two-process theory. 
D) SOP and AESOP theories.

Question 14

Most intuitive explanations of instrumental behavior are based on associations.

Accepted Answer

A) R-O 
B) S-R 
C) S-O 
D) R-S 
A) R-O 
B) S-R 
C) S-O 
D) R-S

Question 15

Which of the following is the focus of the response allocation approach?

Accepted Answer

A) the relative probabilities of instrumental responses in instrumental conditioning 
B) the relative probabilities of reinforcing responses in instrumental conditioning 
C) the drive states of an organism in instrumental conditioning 
D) the distribution of responses and how they are altered in instrumental conditioning 
A) the relative probabilities of instrumental responses in instrumental conditioning 
B) the relative probabilities of reinforcing responses in instrumental conditioning 
C) the drive states of an organism in instrumental conditioning 
D) the distribution of responses and how they are altered in instrumental conditioning

Question 16

Provide evidence that supports the hypothesis that animals can develop specific reward expectancies during conditioning procedures.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Provide evidence that supports the hypothesis that...

Question 17

According to which of the following theories is the instrumental conditioning procedure itself responsible for the creation of a reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A) the Premack principle 
B) drive reduction theory 
C) the response deprivation hypothesis 
D) the differential probability theory 
A) the Premack principle 
B) drive reduction theory 
C) the response deprivation hypothesis 
D) the differential probability theory

Question 18

In some cases, imposing an instrumental contingency makes it impossible for an organism to return to the free- baseline behavioral bliss point.In these circumstances,

Accepted Answer

A) the animal relies on physiological mechanisms of motivation. 
B) the animal relies on sensory reinforcement. 
C) the animal performs whichever response was last reinforced. 
D) the animal is motivated to defend against challenges to its most comfortable distribution of responses. 
A) the animal relies on physiological mechanisms of motivation. 
B) the animal relies on sensory reinforcement. 
C) the animal performs whichever response was last reinforced. 
D) the animal is motivated to defend against challenges to its most comfortable distribution of responses.

According to the response allocation approach, reinforcement effects occur because

If you wanted to increase the "price" in an instrumental procedure, you could

Newspapers have seen a steep decline in readership due to the availability of 24 h news channels.This demonstrates that the elasticity of demand

A rat spends equal amounts of time running and drinking.In a graph of this behavior, time spent running is represented on the x axis.The y axis represents time spent drinking.When running is restricted by an instrumental constraint, the slope of the line representing the new instrumental contingency

Which of the following relationships are not included in two process theory?

Fearing failure, Keith was cramming for his upcoming exam under the watchful eye of mean old Professor Jones. According to two-process theory, when Keith notices the evil professor pull out his briefcase in order to leave, Keith will study

If a situation remains unchanged during an experiment, the unrestricted baseline is assumed to

Compare the Premack principle to the response deprivation hypothesis.What evidence supports the response deprivation hypothesis?

Which of the following is not considered a determinant of the elasticity of demand?

According to reward-specific expectancies, lever press behavior rewarded with access to food will most increase if a CS is presented that had previously been paired with

One contribution of the response allocation approach was that it moved us toward considering instrumental conditioning as

According to the minimum deviation model, when an instrumental contingency is imposed that will not allow an animal to achieve its behavioral bliss point,

The findings from Pavlovian instrumental transfer experiments generally support

Most intuitive explanations of instrumental behavior are based on associations.

Which of the following is the focus of the response allocation approach?

Provide evidence that supports the hypothesis that animals can develop specific reward expectancies during conditioning procedures.

According to which of the following theories is the instrumental conditioning procedure itself responsible for the creation of a reinforcer?

In some cases, imposing an instrumental contingency makes it impossible for an organism to return to the free- baseline behavioral bliss point.In these circumstances,

Introduction

Elicited Behavior, Habituation, and Sensitization

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Instrumental Conditioning

Schedules of Reinforcement and Choice Behavior

Stimulus Control of Behavior

Extinction of Conditioned Behavior

Averse Control

Comparative Cognition I

Comparative Cognition Ii

Filters

Exam 7: Instrumental Conditioning

According to the response allocation approach, reinforcement effects occur because

If you wanted to increase the "price" in an instrumental procedure, you could

Newspapers have seen a steep decline in readership due to the availability of 24 h news channels.This demonstrates that the elasticity of demand

Which of the following relationships are not included in two process theory?

Fearing failure, Keith was cramming for his upcoming exam under the watchful eye of mean old Professor Jones. According to two-process theory, when Keith notices the evil professor pull out his briefcase in order to leave, Keith will study

If a situation remains unchanged during an experiment, the unrestricted baseline is assumed to

Compare the Premack principle to the response deprivation hypothesis.What evidence supports the response deprivation hypothesis?

Which of the following is not considered a determinant of the elasticity of demand?

According to reward-specific expectancies, lever press behavior rewarded with access to food will most increase if a CS is presented that had previously been paired with

One contribution of the response allocation approach was that it moved us toward considering instrumental conditioning as

According to the minimum deviation model, when an instrumental contingency is imposed that will not allow an animal to achieve its behavioral bliss point,

The findings from Pavlovian instrumental transfer experiments generally support

Most intuitive explanations of instrumental behavior are based on associations.

Which of the following is the focus of the response allocation approach?

Provide evidence that supports the hypothesis that animals can develop specific reward expectancies during conditioning procedures.

According to which of the following theories is the instrumental conditioning procedure itself responsible for the creation of a reinforcer?

In some cases, imposing an instrumental contingency makes it impossible for an organism to return to the free- baseline behavioral bliss point.In these circumstances,

Introduction

Elicited Behavior, Habituation, and Sensitization

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Instrumental Conditioning

Schedules of Reinforcement and Choice Behavior

Stimulus Control of Behavior

Extinction of Conditioned Behavior

Averse Control

Comparative Cognition I

Comparative Cognition Ii

Filters