Question 1

Which of the following is NOT common between long-term potentiation and long-term depression?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are both important for synaptic plasticity in normal individuals. 
B)  They both require the activation of the glutamate-gated NMDA receptors. 
C)  They both require a rise in the intracellular concentration of Ca²⁺. 
D)  They both result in an enhanced postsynaptic response. 
E)  They can both last for a long time. 
A)  They are both important for synaptic plasticity in normal individuals. 
B)  They both require the activation of the glutamate-gated NMDA receptors. 
C)  They both require a rise in the intracellular concentration of Ca²⁺. 
D)  They both result in an enhanced postsynaptic response. 
E)  They can both last for a long time.

Question 2

Which of the following normally functions to lower the pH of the cytosol?

Accepted Answer

A)  A Na⁺-H⁺ exchanger in the plasma membrane. 
B)  A Na⁺-driven Cl--HCO₃- exchanger in the plasma membrane. 
C)  A Na⁺-independent Cl--HCO₃-exchanger in the plasma membrane. 
D)  A V-type ATPase in the lysosomal membrane. 
E)  Both answers A and B above. 
A)  A Na⁺-H⁺ exchanger in the plasma membrane. 
B)  A Na⁺-driven Cl--HCO₃- exchanger in the plasma membrane. 
C)  A Na⁺-independent Cl--HCO₃-exchanger in the plasma membrane. 
D)  A V-type ATPase in the lysosomal membrane. 
E)  Both answers A and B above.

Question 3

Imagine a small synthetic vesicle made from pure phospholipids enclosing an interior lumen containing 1 mM glucose and 1 mM sodium chloride. If the vesicle is placed in pure water, which of the following happens faster?

Accepted Answer

A)  Na⁺ diffuses out. 
B)  Cl- diffuses out. 
C)  H₂O diffuses in. 
D)  Glucose diffuses out. 
E)  Sodium chloride diffuses out. 
A)  Na⁺ diffuses out. 
B)  Cl- diffuses out. 
C)  H₂O diffuses in. 
D)  Glucose diffuses out. 
E)  Sodium chloride diffuses out.

Question 4

In a voltage-clamp experiment on a squid giant axon, the membrane potential is clamped at +20 mV, as shown below. Within the same time frame, which of the curves A to D better show qualitatively how the total membrane current changes? A positive value of the current represents an outward flow of cations.

Accepted Answer

The rapid opening of the sodium channel

Question 5

From left to right, indicate whether the transmitter-gated channels for (1) calcium, (2) chloride, (3) potassium, and (4) sodium at a chemical synapse usually open in response to excitatory (E) or inhibitory (I) neurotransmitters. Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters E and I only, e.g. EEIE.

Accepted Answer

Excitatory neurotransmitters open catio

Question 6

Which of the following better represents the process of adaptation mediated by the voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels and Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ channels? The vertical axis in each graph is the membrane potential in the postsynaptic neuron (in millivolts), while the horizontal axis is the time of constant stimulation (in milliseconds).

Accepted Answer

A)    
B)    
C)    
D)    
E)    
A)    
B)    
C)    
D)    
E)

Which of the following is NOT common between long-term potentiation and long-term depression?

Which of the following normally functions to lower the pH of the cytosol?

Imagine a small synthetic vesicle made from pure phospholipids enclosing an interior lumen containing 1 mM glucose and 1 mM sodium chloride. If the vesicle is placed in pure water, which of the following happens faster?

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Exam 11: Membrane Transport of Small Molecules and the Electrical Properties of Membranes

Which of the following is NOT common between long-term potentiation and long-term depression?

Which of the following normally functions to lower the pH of the cytosol?

Imagine a small synthetic vesicle made from pure phospholipids enclosing an interior lumen containing 1 mM glucose and 1 mM sodium chloride. If the vesicle is placed in pure water, which of the following happens faster?

Cells and Genomes

Cell Chemistry and Bioenergetics

Proteins

DNA, Chromosomes, and Genomes

DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination

How Cells Read the Genome: From DNA to Protein

Control of Gene Expression

Analyzing Cells, Molecules, and Systems

Visualizing Cells

Membrane Structure

Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting

Intracellular Membrane Traffic

Energy Conversion: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Cell Signaling

The Cytoskeleton

The Cell Cycle

Cell Death

Cell Junctions and the Extracellular Matrix

Cancer

Development of Multicellular Organisms

Stem Cells and Tissue Renewal

Pathogens and Infection

The Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems

Filters