Question 1

Which of the following happens as the action potential reaches its peak?

Accepted Answer

A)  The inactivation gates of Na+ channels close. 
B)  The activation gates of Na+ channels close. 
C)  The inactivation gates of Na+ channels open. 
D)  Na+/K+ active transport pumps are activated. 
A)  The inactivation gates of Na+ channels close. 
B)  The activation gates of Na+ channels close. 
C)  The inactivation gates of Na+ channels open. 
D)  Na+/K+ active transport pumps are activated.

Question 2

Which of the following assist and nourish cells that transmit electrical signals?

Accepted Answer

A)  glial cells 
B)  effector cells 
C)  receptors 
D)  neurons 
A)  glial cells 
B)  effector cells 
C)  receptors 
D)  neurons

Question 3

Rods and cones both have four segments, and each segment has a specialized function.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

All animals perceive light using different forms of a pigment called retinal.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Figure 45-3  
-In Figure 45-3, which number identifies the organ that detects vibrations?

Accepted Answer

A)  17 
B)  18 
C)  19 
D)  20 
A)  17 
B)  18 
C)  19 
D)  20

Question 6

Chronic pain is due in part to the adapting nature of pain receptors that diminishes the frequency of action potentials over time.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Match each descriptive phrase to a receptor type. Receptor types may be used more than once.
-detect specific molecules, such as glucose

Accepted Answer

A) mechanoreceptors 
B) photoreceptors 
C) chemoreceptors 
D) thermoreceptors 
E) nociceptors 
A) mechanoreceptors 
B) photoreceptors 
C) chemoreceptors 
D) thermoreceptors 
E) nociceptors

Question 8

Which of the following refers to a graded, subthreshold change in the postsynaptic membrane potential that moves toward threshold?

Accepted Answer

A)  depolarization 
B)  IPSP 
C)  hyperpolarization 
D)  EPSP 
A)  depolarization 
B)  IPSP 
C)  hyperpolarization 
D)  EPSP

Question 9

Which of these actions will be caused in the postsynaptic membrane by the binding of a neurotransmitter to ligand-gated K+ channels?

Accepted Answer

A)  apolarization 
B)  depolarization 
C)  repolarization 
D)  hyperpolarization 
A)  apolarization 
B)  depolarization 
C)  repolarization 
D)  hyperpolarization

Question 10

Figure 45-3  
-In Figure 45-3, which number identifies the structure that initiates action potentials?

Accepted Answer

A)  12 
B)  13 
C)  14 
D)  15 
A)  12 
B)  13 
C)  14 
D)  15

Question 11

Match each term with its definition.
-sensory receptors

Accepted Answer

A) single units of a compound eye 
B) allow animals to detect and use Earth's magnetic field for navigation 
C) structure that creates pressure waves in the cochlea as it vibrates 
D) reduction in the frequency of action potentials generated by afferent neurons even though the stimulus has not changed 
E) commonly known as the eardrum
F)specialized receptors that detect electrical fields
G)viscous liquid filling the human eye cavity between the retina and lens
H)responsible for terrestrial vertebrates' ability to perceive motion and position of the head
I)process of converting a stimulus into a change in the membrane potential
J)cells in the human eye that connect bipolar cells and ganglion cells
K)dendrites of afferent neurons, or specialized cells that synapse with afferent neurons, that can gather information about the environment
L)calcium carbonate crystals that bend stereocilia as a result of movement of the head
M)a duct that eliminates pressure differentials that can occur between the outer and middle ear
N)process by which the contrast between dark and light is increased in visual processing in the mammalian eye
O)family of photopigments consisting of opsins combined with retinal
P)photopigment found in vertebrate and invertebrate eyes alike
Q)clear liquid between the cornea and the lens of a human eye
R)cells in the human eye that connect different photoreceptor cells to each other
S)where a portion of each optic nerve crosses to the opposite side of the brain
T)detect stimuli used for balance and the perception of body position
U)small region in the retina where cones are concentrated
V)specialized muscle cells surrounded by afferent neuron dendrites; detect the degree of stretching that a muscle is undergoing
W)the site in the thalamus where most optic axons make synapses with interneurons leading to the visual cortex
X)hollow sensory bristles in insects 
A) single units of a compound eye 
B) allow animals to detect and use Earth's magnetic field for navigation 
C) structure that creates pressure waves in the cochlea as it vibrates 
D) reduction in the frequency of action potentials generated by afferent neurons even though the stimulus has not changed 
E) commonly known as the eardrum
F)specialized receptors that detect electrical fields
G)viscous liquid filling the human eye cavity between the retina and lens
H)responsible for terrestrial vertebrates' ability to perceive motion and position of the head
I)process of converting a stimulus into a change in the membrane potential
J)cells in the human eye that connect bipolar cells and ganglion cells
K)dendrites of afferent neurons, or specialized cells that synapse with afferent neurons, that can gather information about the environment
L)calcium carbonate crystals that bend stereocilia as a result of movement of the head
M)a duct that eliminates pressure differentials that can occur between the outer and middle ear
N)process by which the contrast between dark and light is increased in visual processing in the mammalian eye
O)family of photopigments consisting of opsins combined with retinal
P)photopigment found in vertebrate and invertebrate eyes alike
Q)clear liquid between the cornea and the lens of a human eye
R)cells in the human eye that connect different photoreceptor cells to each other
S)where a portion of each optic nerve crosses to the opposite side of the brain
T)detect stimuli used for balance and the perception of body position
U)small region in the retina where cones are concentrated
V)specialized muscle cells surrounded by afferent neuron dendrites; detect the degree of stretching that a muscle is undergoing
W)the site in the thalamus where most optic axons make synapses with interneurons leading to the visual cortex
X)hollow sensory bristles in insects

Question 12

Which part of the firefly's body flashes?

Accepted Answer

A)  wings 
B)  legs 
C)  head 
D)  abdomen 
A)  wings 
B)  legs 
C)  head 
D)  abdomen

Question 13

Identify each lettered part of the vestibular apparatus shown.  
-lateral semicircular canal

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify each lettered part of the vestibular...

Question 14

According to the text, which of the following is indicated by current knowledge on memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  that long-term memory includes permanent alterations in the number of connections between neurons 
B)  that short-term memory is a product of chemical changes in neurons 
C)  that short-term memory stores information from days to years, or even for life 
D)  that long-term memory is lost after an accident that causes unconsciousness 
A)  that long-term memory includes permanent alterations in the number of connections between neurons 
B)  that short-term memory is a product of chemical changes in neurons 
C)  that short-term memory stores information from days to years, or even for life 
D)  that long-term memory is lost after an accident that causes unconsciousness

Question 15

Match each term with its definition.
-sensilla

Accepted Answer

A) single units of a compound eye 
B) allow animals to detect and use Earth's magnetic field for navigation 
C) structure that creates pressure waves in the cochlea as it vibrates 
D) reduction in the frequency of action potentials generated by afferent neurons even though the stimulus has not changed 
E) commonly known as the eardrum
F)specialized receptors that detect electrical fields
G)viscous liquid filling the human eye cavity between the retina and lens
H)responsible for terrestrial vertebrates' ability to perceive motion and position of the head
I)process of converting a stimulus into a change in the membrane potential
J)cells in the human eye that connect bipolar cells and ganglion cells
K)dendrites of afferent neurons, or specialized cells that synapse with afferent neurons, that can gather information about the environment
L)calcium carbonate crystals that bend stereocilia as a result of movement of the head
M)a duct that eliminates pressure differentials that can occur between the outer and middle ear
N)process by which the contrast between dark and light is increased in visual processing in the mammalian eye
O)family of photopigments consisting of opsins combined with retinal
P)photopigment found in vertebrate and invertebrate eyes alike
Q)clear liquid between the cornea and the lens of a human eye
R)cells in the human eye that connect different photoreceptor cells to each other
S)where a portion of each optic nerve crosses to the opposite side of the brain
T)detect stimuli used for balance and the perception of body position
U)small region in the retina where cones are concentrated
V)specialized muscle cells surrounded by afferent neuron dendrites; detect the degree of stretching that a muscle is undergoing
W)the site in the thalamus where most optic axons make synapses with interneurons leading to the visual cortex
X)hollow sensory bristles in insects 
A) single units of a compound eye 
B) allow animals to detect and use Earth's magnetic field for navigation 
C) structure that creates pressure waves in the cochlea as it vibrates 
D) reduction in the frequency of action potentials generated by afferent neurons even though the stimulus has not changed 
E) commonly known as the eardrum
F)specialized receptors that detect electrical fields
G)viscous liquid filling the human eye cavity between the retina and lens
H)responsible for terrestrial vertebrates' ability to perceive motion and position of the head
I)process of converting a stimulus into a change in the membrane potential
J)cells in the human eye that connect bipolar cells and ganglion cells
K)dendrites of afferent neurons, or specialized cells that synapse with afferent neurons, that can gather information about the environment
L)calcium carbonate crystals that bend stereocilia as a result of movement of the head
M)a duct that eliminates pressure differentials that can occur between the outer and middle ear
N)process by which the contrast between dark and light is increased in visual processing in the mammalian eye
O)family of photopigments consisting of opsins combined with retinal
P)photopigment found in vertebrate and invertebrate eyes alike
Q)clear liquid between the cornea and the lens of a human eye
R)cells in the human eye that connect different photoreceptor cells to each other
S)where a portion of each optic nerve crosses to the opposite side of the brain
T)detect stimuli used for balance and the perception of body position
U)small region in the retina where cones are concentrated
V)specialized muscle cells surrounded by afferent neuron dendrites; detect the degree of stretching that a muscle is undergoing
W)the site in the thalamus where most optic axons make synapses with interneurons leading to the visual cortex
X)hollow sensory bristles in insects

Question 16

Match each term with its definition.
-horizontal cells

Accepted Answer

A) single units of a compound eye 
B) allow animals to detect and use Earth's magnetic field for navigation 
C) structure that creates pressure waves in the cochlea as it vibrates 
D) reduction in the frequency of action potentials generated by afferent neurons even though the stimulus has not changed 
E) commonly known as the eardrum
F)specialized receptors that detect electrical fields
G)viscous liquid filling the human eye cavity between the retina and lens
H)responsible for terrestrial vertebrates' ability to perceive motion and position of the head
I)process of converting a stimulus into a change in the membrane potential
J)cells in the human eye that connect bipolar cells and ganglion cells
K)dendrites of afferent neurons, or specialized cells that synapse with afferent neurons, that can gather information about the environment
L)calcium carbonate crystals that bend stereocilia as a result of movement of the head
M)a duct that eliminates pressure differentials that can occur between the outer and middle ear
N)process by which the contrast between dark and light is increased in visual processing in the mammalian eye
O)family of photopigments consisting of opsins combined with retinal
P)photopigment found in vertebrate and invertebrate eyes alike
Q)clear liquid between the cornea and the lens of a human eye
R)cells in the human eye that connect different photoreceptor cells to each other
S)where a portion of each optic nerve crosses to the opposite side of the brain
T)detect stimuli used for balance and the perception of body position
U)small region in the retina where cones are concentrated
V)specialized muscle cells surrounded by afferent neuron dendrites; detect the degree of stretching that a muscle is undergoing
W)the site in the thalamus where most optic axons make synapses with interneurons leading to the visual cortex
X)hollow sensory bristles in insects 
A) single units of a compound eye 
B) allow animals to detect and use Earth's magnetic field for navigation 
C) structure that creates pressure waves in the cochlea as it vibrates 
D) reduction in the frequency of action potentials generated by afferent neurons even though the stimulus has not changed 
E) commonly known as the eardrum
F)specialized receptors that detect electrical fields
G)viscous liquid filling the human eye cavity between the retina and lens
H)responsible for terrestrial vertebrates' ability to perceive motion and position of the head
I)process of converting a stimulus into a change in the membrane potential
J)cells in the human eye that connect bipolar cells and ganglion cells
K)dendrites of afferent neurons, or specialized cells that synapse with afferent neurons, that can gather information about the environment
L)calcium carbonate crystals that bend stereocilia as a result of movement of the head
M)a duct that eliminates pressure differentials that can occur between the outer and middle ear
N)process by which the contrast between dark and light is increased in visual processing in the mammalian eye
O)family of photopigments consisting of opsins combined with retinal
P)photopigment found in vertebrate and invertebrate eyes alike
Q)clear liquid between the cornea and the lens of a human eye
R)cells in the human eye that connect different photoreceptor cells to each other
S)where a portion of each optic nerve crosses to the opposite side of the brain
T)detect stimuli used for balance and the perception of body position
U)small region in the retina where cones are concentrated
V)specialized muscle cells surrounded by afferent neuron dendrites; detect the degree of stretching that a muscle is undergoing
W)the site in the thalamus where most optic axons make synapses with interneurons leading to the visual cortex
X)hollow sensory bristles in insects

Question 17

Which of these statements explains how the two cerebral hemispheres can function separately?

Accepted Answer

A)  The right cerebral hemisphere responds primarily to sensory signals from, and controls movements in, the right side of the body. 
B)  The left cerebral hemisphere responds primarily to sensory signals from, and controls movements in, the left side of the body. 
C)  The left cerebral hemisphere responds primarily to sensory signals from, and controls movements in, the right side of the body. 
D)  The right cerebral hemisphere responds primarily to sensory signals from, and controls movements in, both sides of the body. 
A)  The right cerebral hemisphere responds primarily to sensory signals from, and controls movements in, the right side of the body. 
B)  The left cerebral hemisphere responds primarily to sensory signals from, and controls movements in, the left side of the body. 
C)  The left cerebral hemisphere responds primarily to sensory signals from, and controls movements in, the right side of the body. 
D)  The right cerebral hemisphere responds primarily to sensory signals from, and controls movements in, both sides of the body.

Question 18

Match each term with its definition.
-eustachian tube

Accepted Answer

A) single units of a compound eye 
B) allow animals to detect and use Earth's magnetic field for navigation 
C) structure that creates pressure waves in the cochlea as it vibrates 
D) reduction in the frequency of action potentials generated by afferent neurons even though the stimulus has not changed 
E) commonly known as the eardrum
F)specialized receptors that detect electrical fields
G)viscous liquid filling the human eye cavity between the retina and lens
H)responsible for terrestrial vertebrates' ability to perceive motion and position of the head
I)process of converting a stimulus into a change in the membrane potential
J)cells in the human eye that connect bipolar cells and ganglion cells
K)dendrites of afferent neurons, or specialized cells that synapse with afferent neurons, that can gather information about the environment
L)calcium carbonate crystals that bend stereocilia as a result of movement of the head
M)a duct that eliminates pressure differentials that can occur between the outer and middle ear
N)process by which the contrast between dark and light is increased in visual processing in the mammalian eye
O)family of photopigments consisting of opsins combined with retinal
P)photopigment found in vertebrate and invertebrate eyes alike
Q)clear liquid between the cornea and the lens of a human eye
R)cells in the human eye that connect different photoreceptor cells to each other
S)where a portion of each optic nerve crosses to the opposite side of the brain
T)detect stimuli used for balance and the perception of body position
U)small region in the retina where cones are concentrated
V)specialized muscle cells surrounded by afferent neuron dendrites; detect the degree of stretching that a muscle is undergoing
W)the site in the thalamus where most optic axons make synapses with interneurons leading to the visual cortex
X)hollow sensory bristles in insects 
A) single units of a compound eye 
B) allow animals to detect and use Earth's magnetic field for navigation 
C) structure that creates pressure waves in the cochlea as it vibrates 
D) reduction in the frequency of action potentials generated by afferent neurons even though the stimulus has not changed 
E) commonly known as the eardrum
F)specialized receptors that detect electrical fields
G)viscous liquid filling the human eye cavity between the retina and lens
H)responsible for terrestrial vertebrates' ability to perceive motion and position of the head
I)process of converting a stimulus into a change in the membrane potential
J)cells in the human eye that connect bipolar cells and ganglion cells
K)dendrites of afferent neurons, or specialized cells that synapse with afferent neurons, that can gather information about the environment
L)calcium carbonate crystals that bend stereocilia as a result of movement of the head
M)a duct that eliminates pressure differentials that can occur between the outer and middle ear
N)process by which the contrast between dark and light is increased in visual processing in the mammalian eye
O)family of photopigments consisting of opsins combined with retinal
P)photopigment found in vertebrate and invertebrate eyes alike
Q)clear liquid between the cornea and the lens of a human eye
R)cells in the human eye that connect different photoreceptor cells to each other
S)where a portion of each optic nerve crosses to the opposite side of the brain
T)detect stimuli used for balance and the perception of body position
U)small region in the retina where cones are concentrated
V)specialized muscle cells surrounded by afferent neuron dendrites; detect the degree of stretching that a muscle is undergoing
W)the site in the thalamus where most optic axons make synapses with interneurons leading to the visual cortex
X)hollow sensory bristles in insects

Question 19

Identify each lettered cell in the human eye shown.  
-optic nerve

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify each lettered cell in the human...

Question 20

How is the active retinal state returned to the inactive state?

Accepted Answer

A)  It reverts to the inactive state on its own. 
B)  It is converted back to the inactive conformation without the use of enzymes. 
C)  It is transported to a lysosome. 
D)  It is converted back to the inactive conformation by a series of enzymes. 
A)  It reverts to the inactive state on its own. 
B)  It is converted back to the inactive conformation without the use of enzymes. 
C)  It is transported to a lysosome. 
D)  It is converted back to the inactive conformation by a series of enzymes.

Exam 45: Control of Animal Processes: Neural Control

Which of the following happens as the action potential reaches its peak?

Which of the following assist and nourish cells that transmit electrical signals?

Rods and cones both have four segments, and each segment has a specialized function.

All animals perceive light using different forms of a pigment called retinal.

Figure 45-3 -In Figure 45-3, which number identifies the organ that detects vibrations?

Chronic pain is due in part to the adapting nature of pain receptors that diminishes the frequency of action potentials over time.

Match each descriptive phrase to a receptor type. Receptor types may be used more than once. -detect specific molecules, such as glucose

Which of the following refers to a graded, subthreshold change in the postsynaptic membrane potential that moves toward threshold?

Which of these actions will be caused in the postsynaptic membrane by the binding of a neurotransmitter to ligand-gated K+ channels?

Figure 45-3 -In Figure 45-3, which number identifies the structure that initiates action potentials?

Match each term with its definition. -sensory receptors

Which part of the firefly's body flashes?

Identify each lettered part of the vestibular apparatus shown. -lateral semicircular canal

According to the text, which of the following is indicated by current knowledge on memory?

Match each term with its definition. -sensilla

Match each term with its definition. -horizontal cells

Which of these statements explains how the two cerebral hemispheres can function separately?

Match each term with its definition. -eustachian tube

Identify each lettered cell in the human eye shown. -optic nerve

How is the active retinal state returned to the inactive state?

Light and Life

The Cell: an Overview

Energy and Enzymes

Cell Membranes and Signaling

Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

Cell Cycles

Genetic Recombination

The Chromosomal Basis of Mendelian Inheritance

Genetic Linkage, Sex-Linkage, and Other Non-Mendelian Inheritance Mechanisms

DNA Structure, Replication, and Repair

Gene Structure Expression, and Mutation

Regulation of Gene Expression

Dna Technologies

Genomes

Evolution: the Development of the Theory

Microevolution: Changes Within Populations

Speciation and Macroevolution

Systematics and Phylogenetics: Revealing the Tree of Life

Humans and Evolution

Defining Life and Its Origins

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions: Infectious Biological Particles

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Fungi

Plants

Animals

Conservation of Biodiversity

Population Ecology

Species Interactions and Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Animal Behaviour

Organization of the Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment

Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange: the Respiratory System

Internal Transport: the Circulatory System

Regulation of the Internal Environment: Water, Solutes, and Temperature

Control of Animal Processes: Endocrine Control

Animal Reproduction

Muscles, Skeletons, and Body Movements

Filters

Which of these actions will be caused in the postsynaptic membrane by the binding of a neurotransmitter to ligand-gated K⁺ channels?