Exam 9: Language and Thinking

It is assumed that problem-solving schemas facilitate the performance of experts by allowing them to solve problems in working memory.

LAD is to LASS as

Compared with non-English speaking children who are placed in English-only classrooms and left to struggle, those in bilingual classes develop __________ self-esteem and exhibit __________ academic performance and English fluency.

List and describe the four stages of problem-solving described in the text. To which stage is "The Crow and the Trains" problem most relevant? What is a mental set and to which stage does it apply?

According to your text, language has been called ________.

Kanzi, the bonobo chimp, has been shown to communicate using complex symbols. However, the evidence for language development in apes related to ____________ is more controversial.

What roles do schemas play in knowledge acquisition and expertise?

Research suggests that some ________.

Given the choice, most people would rather receive information about themselves that validates their ideas about who they are, and they would rather avoid information that contradicts their self-beliefs. This tendency demonstrates an example of

Many concepts are difficult to describe in words, but we often can define them using _____________, which are typical and familiar members of a particular class.

Which of the following sentences has a single deep structure?

A mental framework or an organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world is broadly referred to as a ________.

On a recent vacation to Toronto, Kent and Linda decided not to go up to the observation deck at the top of the CN Tower (one of the tallest structures in the world) because they quickly remembered the events of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre Towers in New York. Kent and Linda's decision best demonstrates an example of

Which of the following questions would an individual typically be able to answer the quickest?

The symbols used in any given language (in English the symbols in question are called letters) were developed

Which of the following is NOT a general problem-solving guideline from the text?

The ability to perceive where each word within a spoken sentence begins and ends is provided by the process of _______________.

In the research by Theide and Anderson on the relationship between metacognition and performance by undergraduates, what did Theide and Anderson find the relationship to be? What ways do their findings suggest to enhance students' academic performance?

Many researchers believe that mental images, while not literally pictures in the mind, function in ways analogous to actual visual images. How does the research by Shepard and Metzler on mental rotation apply to this idea?

Shepard and Metzler's (1971) study using mental rotation tasks showed that mental ________.