Exam 5: Sampling

Stratified random sampling differentiates all elements in the population on the basis of their value on some relevant characteristic, and then they are ______.

Sampling error can generally be defined as the ______.

Multistage cluster sampling requires less prior information than stratified sampling.

Sampling methods that let us know in advance how likely it is that an element of a population will be selected for the sample are ______ sampling methods.

Systematic random sampling is a convenient method for drawing a random sample when the population elements are not arranged sequentially.

Simple random sampling uses information known about the total population prior to sampling to make the sampling process more efficient.

What is the difference between probability and nonprobability sampling? How does each relate to sample generalizability?

Name and describe four types of nonprobability sampling methods.

When is sampling unnecessary? What assumptions must be made? What are the potential problems with these assumptions?

Nonprobability sampling methods are often used ______.

St. Jean (2007) used purposive sampling for recruiting offenders in a Chicago neighborhood for research about the logic offenders used for setting up street drug dealing and staging robberies.

In their classic study of neighborhoods and crime, Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls (1997) surveyed individuals and then averaged those responses to create a construct at the neighborhood level called "collective efficacy." The units of analysis they used was at the ______ level.

Observations based on faulty perceptions of empirical reality are also known as ______ observations.

Dr. Jones is researching perception of student safety at East High School. She will obtain the sample directly from the entire population of students at the school based on a list obtained from the registrar's office. This list, from which the elements of the population are selected, is termed the ______.

A researcher who draws conclusions about individual-level processes from group-level data is constructing a(n) ______ fallacy.

A sample that looks similar to the population from which it was selected in all respects that are potentially relevant to the study is known as a(n) ______ sample.

Generalizability has two aspects. What are they? As part of your answer, name, describe, and provide an example for each.

What two ways does Schofield (2002) suggest for increasing the generalizability of samples in nonprobability sampling methods in qualitative research?

Quota sampling is intended to overcome availability sampling's biggest downfall.

Dr. Poldark is using availability sampling when she has her students complete a short questionnaire at the end of class.