Question 1

A moth preparing for flight on a cold morning warms its flight muscles via

Accepted Answer

A)  acclimatization. 
B)  torpor. 
C)  evaporative cooling. 
D)  nonshivering thermogenesis. 
E)  shivering thermogenesis. 
A)  acclimatization. 
B)  torpor. 
C)  evaporative cooling. 
D)  nonshivering thermogenesis. 
E)  shivering thermogenesis.

Question 2

The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the

Accepted Answer

A)  medulla oblongata. 
B)  thyroid gland. 
C)  hypothalamus. 
D)  subcutaneous layer of the skin. 
E)  liver. 
A)  medulla oblongata. 
B)  thyroid gland. 
C)  hypothalamus. 
D)  subcutaneous layer of the skin. 
E)  liver.

Question 3

For adult human females, the metabolic "costs" of pregnancy and lactation are

Accepted Answer

A)  100-125% more than when she was nonpregnant. 
B)  30-40% more than when she was nonpregnant. 
C)  5-8% more than when she was nonpregnant. 
D)  10-20% less than when she was nonpregnant. 
E)  30-40% less than when she was nonpregnant. 
A)  100-125% more than when she was nonpregnant. 
B)  30-40% more than when she was nonpregnant. 
C)  5-8% more than when she was nonpregnant. 
D)  10-20% less than when she was nonpregnant. 
E)  30-40% less than when she was nonpregnant.

Question 4

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that

Accepted Answer

A)  positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas negative feedback is detrimental. 
B)  the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it. 
C)  the effector's response increases some parameter (such as body temperature), whereas in negative feedback it can only decrease the parameter. 
D)  positive feedback systems have only effectors, whereas negative feedback systems have only receptors. 
E)  positive feedback systems have control centers that are lacking in negative feedback systems. 
A)  positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas negative feedback is detrimental. 
B)  the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it. 
C)  the effector's response increases some parameter (such as body temperature), whereas in negative feedback it can only decrease the parameter. 
D)  positive feedback systems have only effectors, whereas negative feedback systems have only receptors. 
E)  positive feedback systems have control centers that are lacking in negative feedback systems.

Question 5

All animals, whether large or small, have

Accepted Answer

A)  an external body surface that is dry. 
B)  a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac. 
C)  a body surface covered with hair to keep them warm. 
D)  the ability to enter dormancy when resources become scarce. 
E)  each living cell in contact with an aqueous medium. 
A)  an external body surface that is dry. 
B)  a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac. 
C)  a body surface covered with hair to keep them warm. 
D)  the ability to enter dormancy when resources become scarce. 
E)  each living cell in contact with an aqueous medium.

Question 6

Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The ________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the ________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.

Accepted Answer

A)  elephant; mouse 
B)  elephant; human 
C)  human; penguin 
D)  mouse; snake 
E)  penguin; mouse 
A)  elephant; mouse 
B)  elephant; human 
C)  human; penguin 
D)  mouse; snake 
E)  penguin; mouse

Question 7

The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is

Accepted Answer

A)  epithelial tissue. 
B)  connective tissue. 
C)  skeletal muscle. 
D)  smooth muscle. 
E)  nervous tissue. 
A)  epithelial tissue. 
B)  connective tissue. 
C)  skeletal muscle. 
D)  smooth muscle. 
E)  nervous tissue.

Question 8

An overheated and sick dog in a hot environment will have an impaired thermoregulatory response when its

Accepted Answer

A)  evaporative heat loss increases. 
B)  metabolic heat production decreases. 
C)  body temperature increases to match the environmental temperature. 
D)  blood vessels near its skin increase vasoconstriction. 
E)  behavioral response takes it to a cooler location. 
A)  evaporative heat loss increases. 
B)  metabolic heat production decreases. 
C)  body temperature increases to match the environmental temperature. 
D)  blood vessels near its skin increase vasoconstriction. 
E)  behavioral response takes it to a cooler location.

Question 9

Evolutionary adaptations that help diverse animals directly exchange matter between cells and the environment include

Accepted Answer

A)  a gastrovascular activity, a two-layered body, and a torpedo-like body shape. 
B)  an external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body. 
C)  a large body volume; a long, tubular body; and a set of wings. 
D)  complex internal structures, a small body size, and a large surface area. 
E)  an unbranched internal surface, a small body size, and thick covering. 
A)  a gastrovascular activity, a two-layered body, and a torpedo-like body shape. 
B)  an external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body. 
C)  a large body volume; a long, tubular body; and a set of wings. 
D)  complex internal structures, a small body size, and a large surface area. 
E)  an unbranched internal surface, a small body size, and thick covering.

Question 10

In mammals this response is known as fever, but it is known to raise body temperature in other bacterially infected animals, including lizards, fishes, and cockroaches.

Accepted Answer

A)  growth of hair on the limbs 
B)  reduced metabolic rate 
C)  sweating from skin glands 
D)  a change in the body's thermostat "set point" 
E)  decreased thermogenesis in brown fat 
A)  growth of hair on the limbs 
B)  reduced metabolic rate 
C)  sweating from skin glands 
D)  a change in the body's thermostat "set point" 
E)  decreased thermogenesis in brown fat

Question 11

The cells lining the air sacs in the lungs make up a

Accepted Answer

A)  cuboidal epithelium. 
B)  simple squamous epithelium. 
C)  stratified squamous epithelium. 
D)  pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. 
E)  simple columnar epithelium. 
A)  cuboidal epithelium. 
B)  simple squamous epithelium. 
C)  stratified squamous epithelium. 
D)  pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. 
E)  simple columnar epithelium.

Question 12

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed

Accepted Answer

A)  balanced equilibrium. 
B)  physiological chance. 
C)  homeostasis. 
D)  static equilibrium. 
E)  estivation. 
A)  balanced equilibrium. 
B)  physiological chance. 
C)  homeostasis. 
D)  static equilibrium. 
E)  estivation.

Question 13

The absorptive epithelia in the gut are considered "polarized" because

Accepted Answer

A)  thick and thin filaments are present. 
B)  they pump wastes into the lumen while pumping nutrients toward the blood. 
C)  the colors seen on the top and bottom of the cells are different. 
D)  they must fire action potentials to absorb most nutrients. 
E)  the structures on the apical surface are different than those on the basal surface. 
A)  thick and thin filaments are present. 
B)  they pump wastes into the lumen while pumping nutrients toward the blood. 
C)  the colors seen on the top and bottom of the cells are different. 
D)  they must fire action potentials to absorb most nutrients. 
E)  the structures on the apical surface are different than those on the basal surface.

Question 14

Positive feedback has occurred when

Accepted Answer

A)  an increase in blood sugar increases the secretion of a hormone that stimulates the movement of sugar out of the blood. 
B)  a decrease in blood sugar increases the secretion of a hormone that increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose. 
C)  uterine contractions needed for the birthing process are expedited by the pressure of a moving baby in its mother's uterus. 
D)  an increase in calcium concentration increases the secretion of a hormone that promotes the storage of calcium in bone. 
E)  a decrease in blood calcium increases the amount of the hormone that causes the release of calcium from bone. 
A)  an increase in blood sugar increases the secretion of a hormone that stimulates the movement of sugar out of the blood. 
B)  a decrease in blood sugar increases the secretion of a hormone that increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose. 
C)  uterine contractions needed for the birthing process are expedited by the pressure of a moving baby in its mother's uterus. 
D)  an increase in calcium concentration increases the secretion of a hormone that promotes the storage of calcium in bone. 
E)  a decrease in blood calcium increases the amount of the hormone that causes the release of calcium from bone.

Question 15

As body size increases in animals,

Accepted Answer

A)  there is a decrease in the surface-to-volume ratio. 
B)  reproduction becomes limited to terrestrial environments. 
C)  there is greater variability in metabolic rate. 
D)  migration to tropical areas becomes necessary for thermoregulation. 
E)  it becomes more difficult to conserve body warmth in cold environments. 
A)  there is a decrease in the surface-to-volume ratio. 
B)  reproduction becomes limited to terrestrial environments. 
C)  there is greater variability in metabolic rate. 
D)  migration to tropical areas becomes necessary for thermoregulation. 
E)  it becomes more difficult to conserve body warmth in cold environments.

Question 16

Cardiac muscle cells are both

Accepted Answer

A)  striated and interconnected by intercalated disks. 
B)  striated and operate independently of other cardiac cells. 
C)  smooth and under voluntary control. 
D)  striated and under voluntary control. 
E)  smooth and under involuntary control. 
A)  striated and interconnected by intercalated disks. 
B)  striated and operate independently of other cardiac cells. 
C)  smooth and under voluntary control. 
D)  striated and under voluntary control. 
E)  smooth and under involuntary control.

Question 17

Which choice best describes a reasonable mechanism for animal structures becoming better suited over evolutionary time to specific functions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Animals that eat the most food become the most abundant. 
B)  Animals that restrict their food intake will become less abundant. 
C)  Animals with mutations that give rise to effective structures will become more abundant. 
D)  Animals with inventions that curtail reproduction will become more abundant. 
E)  Animals with parents that continually improve their offspring's structures will become more abundant. 
A)  Animals that eat the most food become the most abundant. 
B)  Animals that restrict their food intake will become less abundant. 
C)  Animals with mutations that give rise to effective structures will become more abundant. 
D)  Animals with inventions that curtail reproduction will become more abundant. 
E)  Animals with parents that continually improve their offspring's structures will become more abundant.

Exam 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

A moth preparing for flight on a cold morning warms its flight muscles via

The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the

For adult human females, the metabolic "costs" of pregnancy and lactation are

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that

All animals, whether large or small, have

Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The ________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the ________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.

The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is

An overheated and sick dog in a hot environment will have an impaired thermoregulatory response when its

Evolutionary adaptations that help diverse animals directly exchange matter between cells and the environment include

In mammals this response is known as fever, but it is known to raise body temperature in other bacterially infected animals, including lizards, fishes, and cockroaches.

The cells lining the air sacs in the lungs make up a

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed

The absorptive epithelia in the gut are considered "polarized" because

Positive feedback has occurred when

As body size increases in animals,

Cardiac muscle cells are both

Which choice best describes a reasonable mechanism for animal structures becoming better suited over evolutionary time to specific functions?

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

Filters

Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.