Question 1

While stability is a desirable characteristic in each condition of a single-case experiment,

Accepted Answer

A)  high variability is required in order to change behavior. 
B)  prolonging conditions to achieve it increases the chances of history and maturation effects. 
C)  it is more important to finish the experiment on schedule. 
D)  it only really counts for baseline. 
A)  high variability is required in order to change behavior. 
B)  prolonging conditions to achieve it increases the chances of history and maturation effects. 
C)  it is more important to finish the experiment on schedule. 
D)  it only really counts for baseline.

Question 2

Studies of single-case research with humans have shown that

Accepted Answer

A)  behavior is typically quite invariant during baseline. 
B)  single-case designs typically yield much less information than multiple-participant designs. 
C)  single-case experiments require fewer baseline observations than do multiple- participant designs. 
D)  the simple act of collecting baseline data can influence the behavior under observation. 
A)  behavior is typically quite invariant during baseline. 
B)  single-case designs typically yield much less information than multiple-participant designs. 
C)  single-case experiments require fewer baseline observations than do multiple- participant designs. 
D)  the simple act of collecting baseline data can influence the behavior under observation.

Question 3

The first "A" in "A-B-A design" represents the________ phase while the second "A" represents the _________ phase.

Accepted Answer

A)  baseline; withdrawal 
B)  baseline; treatment 
C)  antecedent; aftereffect 
D)  treatment; baseline 
A)  baseline; withdrawal 
B)  baseline; treatment 
C)  antecedent; aftereffect 
D)  treatment; baseline

Question 4

A potential ethical problem with using the A-B-A design in a therapeutic context is that it

Accepted Answer

A)  does not seem to be useful for certain kinds of disorders. 
B)  entails ending in a non-treatment condition. 
C)  often aggravates the problem the treatment is meant to treat. 
D)  does not involve enough time in treatment to address all a behavior. 
A)  does not seem to be useful for certain kinds of disorders. 
B)  entails ending in a non-treatment condition. 
C)  often aggravates the problem the treatment is meant to treat. 
D)  does not involve enough time in treatment to address all a behavior.

Question 5

There are arguments for and against the use of statistical data analysis with single-case designs. Which of the following statements summarizes the case against statistical analysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Visual inspection of data has been shown to be sufficiently reliable, and is usually easier to perform than the complicated tests needed to analyze single-case data. 
B)  Statistical analysis does not reveal whether the treatment is of practical use, and may actually disguise the fact that the treatment works well for some people and for whom. 
C)  Statistical analysis favor a conservative approach and therefore may not allow us to detect meaningful changes in behavior. This approach may lead us to reject treatments that may be useful to large groups of people. 
D)  There are no statistical analyses suited to the time-series kind of behavior generated by single-case designs, nor are there valid means of interpreting what few statistical tests are available. 
A)  Visual inspection of data has been shown to be sufficiently reliable, and is usually easier to perform than the complicated tests needed to analyze single-case data. 
B)  Statistical analysis does not reveal whether the treatment is of practical use, and may actually disguise the fact that the treatment works well for some people and for whom. 
C)  Statistical analysis favor a conservative approach and therefore may not allow us to detect meaningful changes in behavior. This approach may lead us to reject treatments that may be useful to large groups of people. 
D)  There are no statistical analyses suited to the time-series kind of behavior generated by single-case designs, nor are there valid means of interpreting what few statistical tests are available.

Question 6

In a multiple-baseline design the "multiple" part refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  different behaviors of same participant in same context. 
B)  different participants with same behavior in same context. 
C)  different contexts with the same behavior of the same participant. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  different behaviors of same participant in same context. 
B)  different participants with same behavior in same context. 
C)  different contexts with the same behavior of the same participant. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 7

For a multiple-baseline design to demonstrate treatment effectiveness,

Accepted Answer

A)  all target behaviors should change, but only after the treatment is imposed for each one. 
B)  all target behaviors should change when the first treatment is imposed. 
C)  some target behaviors should increase in frequency with the treatment and others should decrease. 
D)  treated behaviors should change from baseline immediately while untreated behaviors should change more slowly. 
A)  all target behaviors should change, but only after the treatment is imposed for each one. 
B)  all target behaviors should change when the first treatment is imposed. 
C)  some target behaviors should increase in frequency with the treatment and others should decrease. 
D)  treated behaviors should change from baseline immediately while untreated behaviors should change more slowly.

Question 8

When have you collected enough baseline data so that you can move on to the treatment phase of the experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  after about two weeks 
B)  once you have at least a dozen baseline observations 
C)  when there is a downward trend rather than an upward trend 
D)  there is no trend and little variability 
A)  after about two weeks 
B)  once you have at least a dozen baseline observations 
C)  when there is a downward trend rather than an upward trend 
D)  there is no trend and little variability

Question 9

In a multiple-baseline study of the effects of reinforcement on social behaviors Dr. Stern studies three behaviors in one child: talking to other children, frequency of playing with others, initiating contact with children her own age. What is wrong with these choices of target behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcing one behavior could easily influence the occurrence of the others 
B)  children are naturally sociable; such behavior cannot be reinforced 
C)  the playground is not a suitable site for research 
D)  it is not possible to operationally define these behaviors 
A)  reinforcing one behavior could easily influence the occurrence of the others 
B)  children are naturally sociable; such behavior cannot be reinforced 
C)  the playground is not a suitable site for research 
D)  it is not possible to operationally define these behaviors

Question 10

Which of the following statements summarizes the case in favor of the use of statistical analysis in single-case research.

Accepted Answer

A)  The statistics required for analyzing single-case data are simple to use, and can reveal whether the treatment will have real therapeutic value. 
B)  Statistical analysis is helpful in detecting behavioral changes when there is high variability in baseline behavior, and reduces subjectivity of interpretation. 
C)  Statistical analyses are useful in determining which of many participants are best affected by the treatment, and can help suggest future courses of action. 
D)  Traditionally, psychological data are not accepted unless they are subjected to statistical analysis. 
A)  The statistics required for analyzing single-case data are simple to use, and can reveal whether the treatment will have real therapeutic value. 
B)  Statistical analysis is helpful in detecting behavioral changes when there is high variability in baseline behavior, and reduces subjectivity of interpretation. 
C)  Statistical analyses are useful in determining which of many participants are best affected by the treatment, and can help suggest future courses of action. 
D)  Traditionally, psychological data are not accepted unless they are subjected to statistical analysis.

While stability is a desirable characteristic in each condition of a single-case experiment,

Studies of single-case research with humans have shown that

The first "A" in "A-B-A design" represents the phase while the second "A" represents the _ phase.

A potential ethical problem with using the A-B-A design in a therapeutic context is that it

There are arguments for and against the use of statistical data analysis with single-case designs. Which of the following statements summarizes the case against statistical analysis?

In a multiple-baseline design the "multiple" part refers to

For a multiple-baseline design to demonstrate treatment effectiveness,

When have you collected enough baseline data so that you can move on to the treatment phase of the experiment?

In a multiple-baseline study of the effects of reinforcement on social behaviors Dr. Stern studies three behaviors in one child: talking to other children, frequency of playing with others, initiating contact with children her own age. What is wrong with these choices of target behavior?

Which of the following statements summarizes the case in favor of the use of statistical analysis in single-case research.

Introduction to Scientific Research

Research Approaches and Methods of Data Collection

Problem Identification and Hypothesis Formation

Ethics

Measuring Variables and Sampling

Research Validity

Control Techniques in Experimental Research

Experimental Research Design

Procedure for Conducting an Experiment

Quasi-Experimental Designs

Survey Research

Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research

Descriptive Statistics

Inferential Statistics

Preparing the Research Report for Presentation or Publication

Filters

Exam 11: Single-Case Research Designs

While stability is a desirable characteristic in each condition of a single-case experiment,

Studies of single-case research with humans have shown that

The first "A" in "A-B-A design" represents the________ phase while the second "A" represents the _________ phase.

A potential ethical problem with using the A-B-A design in a therapeutic context is that it

There are arguments for and against the use of statistical data analysis with single-case designs. Which of the following statements summarizes the case against statistical analysis?

In a multiple-baseline design the "multiple" part refers to

For a multiple-baseline design to demonstrate treatment effectiveness,

When have you collected enough baseline data so that you can move on to the treatment phase of the experiment?

In a multiple-baseline study of the effects of reinforcement on social behaviors Dr. Stern studies three behaviors in one child: talking to other children, frequency of playing with others, initiating contact with children her own age. What is wrong with these choices of target behavior?

Which of the following statements summarizes the case in favor of the use of statistical analysis in single-case research.

Introduction to Scientific Research

Research Approaches and Methods of Data Collection

Problem Identification and Hypothesis Formation

Ethics

Measuring Variables and Sampling

Research Validity

Control Techniques in Experimental Research

Experimental Research Design

Procedure for Conducting an Experiment

Quasi-Experimental Designs

Survey Research

Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research

Descriptive Statistics

Inferential Statistics

Preparing the Research Report for Presentation or Publication

Filters

The first "A" in "A-B-A design" represents the phase while the second "A" represents the _ phase.