Question 1

Dandelions develop seeds by apomixis.What benefits does this strategy provide over vegetative or sexual reproduction?

Accepted Answer

A) Apomixis makes the dandelions more resistant to herbicides. 
B) Apomixis provides the benefits of seed dispersal, while maintaining a genome adapted to a given climate. 
C) Apomixis is beneficial in sheltered areas where wind pollination would be difficult. 
D) Apomixis is beneficial for plants that attract a diverse mix of bees and other pollinators. 
A) Apomixis makes the dandelions more resistant to herbicides. 
B) Apomixis provides the benefits of seed dispersal, while maintaining a genome adapted to a given climate. 
C) Apomixis is beneficial in sheltered areas where wind pollination would be difficult. 
D) Apomixis is beneficial for plants that attract a diverse mix of bees and other pollinators.

Question 2

The HOBBIT gene in an embryo helps to control the development of what structure?

Accepted Answer

A) cotyledon 
B) endosperm 
C) root 
D) epicotyl 
A) cotyledon 
B) endosperm 
C) root 
D) epicotyl

Question 3

Arabidopsis plants with a mutation in the gene embryonic Flower (EMF) produce flowers almost immediately after germination, before shoot growth occurs.What is the normal role of this gene?

Accepted Answer

A) The wildtype EMF allele causes growth of flowers in the embryo. 
B) The wildtype EMF allele causes death of the shoot tissue. 
C) The wildtype EMF allele prevents flowering from happening too soon. 
D) The wildtype EMF allele prevents phase change and facilitates flower determination. 
A) The wildtype EMF allele causes growth of flowers in the embryo. 
B) The wildtype EMF allele causes death of the shoot tissue. 
C) The wildtype EMF allele prevents flowering from happening too soon. 
D) The wildtype EMF allele prevents phase change and facilitates flower determination.

Question 4

Which part of the seed produces hydrolytic enzymes that break down the starchy endosperm during seed germination?

Accepted Answer

A) scutellum 
B) amyloplasts 
C) aleurone layer 
D) plumule 
A) scutellum 
B) amyloplasts 
C) aleurone layer 
D) plumule

Question 5

A genus of primarily wind-pollinated plants includes one unusual species that has evolved to be pollinated by insects.Several morphological changes have accompanied this adaptation.The ______________ are more colorful, there is a nectary at the base of the ______________, the ________________ are shorter and produce sticky pollen, and the __________________ are stickier for enhanced pollen capture.

Accepted Answer

A) petals, stamens, sepals, carpels 
B) petals, sepals, stamens, carpels 
C) stamens, carpels, petals, sepals 
D) petals, sepals, carpels, stamens 
A) petals, stamens, sepals, carpels 
B) petals, sepals, stamens, carpels 
C) stamens, carpels, petals, sepals 
D) petals, sepals, carpels, stamens

Question 6

What does the globular stage of plant embryo development give rise to?

Accepted Answer

A) a heart-shaped dicot embryo 
B) the suspensor of the germinating seed 
C) a double monocot embryo 
D) the monocot scutellum 
A) a heart-shaped dicot embryo 
B) the suspensor of the germinating seed 
C) a double monocot embryo 
D) the monocot scutellum

Question 7

What is the best description of double fertilization in angiosperms?

Accepted Answer

A) One sperm fertilizes the egg, which develops into the embryo; the other sperm fertilizes the ovary, which becomes the fruit. 
B) One sperm fertilizes the egg, which develops into the embryo; the other sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei, which forms the endosperm. 
C) One sperm fertilizes the egg, which develops into the embryo; the other sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei, which forms the seed coat. 
D) One sperm fertilizes the egg, which develops into the embryo; the other sperm produces the pollen tube. 
A) One sperm fertilizes the egg, which develops into the embryo; the other sperm fertilizes the ovary, which becomes the fruit. 
B) One sperm fertilizes the egg, which develops into the embryo; the other sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei, which forms the endosperm. 
C) One sperm fertilizes the egg, which develops into the embryo; the other sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei, which forms the seed coat. 
D) One sperm fertilizes the egg, which develops into the embryo; the other sperm produces the pollen tube.

Question 8

One way to improve crop productivity is to modify flowering time.This can allow for multiple growing seasons in one year, and can also increase grain production because a smaller plant has lower resource needs.You are approached by an agricultural company that wants to create an early-flowering transgenic plant.Using your knowledge of Arabidopsis genetics, which genetic modifications would you suggest?

Accepted Answer

A) Inhibition of the embryonic flower ( EMF) gene or overexpression of the LEAFY (LFY) gene would work. 
B) Inhibition of the LEAFY (LFY) gene or overexpression of the embryonic flower (emf) gene would work. 
C) Inhibition of either the embryonic flower (emf) gene or the LEAFY (LFY) gene would work. 
D) Early flowering is not possible in Arabidopsis, and is not likely to be possible in other plants. 
A) Inhibition of the embryonic flower ( EMF) gene or overexpression of the LEAFY (LFY) gene would work. 
B) Inhibition of the LEAFY (LFY) gene or overexpression of the embryonic flower (emf) gene would work. 
C) Inhibition of either the embryonic flower (emf) gene or the LEAFY (LFY) gene would work. 
D) Early flowering is not possible in Arabidopsis, and is not likely to be possible in other plants.

Question 9

Evolutionarily, floral parts represent modified

Accepted Answer

A) stems. 
B) leaves. 
C) roots. 
D) stolons. 
A) stems. 
B) leaves. 
C) roots. 
D) stolons.

Question 10

Pollination begins when pollen is transferred from the ________ to the ________ of a flower.

Accepted Answer

A) anther, ovary 
B) anther, receptacle 
C) anther, stigma 
D) stigma, embryo sac 
A) anther, ovary 
B) anther, receptacle 
C) anther, stigma 
D) stigma, embryo sac

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the epicotyl is true?

Accepted Answer

A) It remains in the ground after a seed has germinated. 
B) It is the portion of the stem axis that is directly below the cotyledons. 
C) The shoot apical meristem of a seedling is located just above it. 
D) It takes up most of the volume within a monocot or dicot seed. 
A) It remains in the ground after a seed has germinated. 
B) It is the portion of the stem axis that is directly below the cotyledons. 
C) The shoot apical meristem of a seedling is located just above it. 
D) It takes up most of the volume within a monocot or dicot seed.

Question 12

Why do many plants use the photoperiodic pathway to regulate the timing of flower formation?

Accepted Answer

A) Flower petals carry out high levels of photosynthesis and require high light conditions. 
B) A minimum amount of light is always necessary for flowering. 
C) This allows plants to link flowering to temperature, which corresponds to the season when conditions are optimal. 
D) This allows plants to link flowering to day length, which corresponds to the season when conditions are optimal. 
A) Flower petals carry out high levels of photosynthesis and require high light conditions. 
B) A minimum amount of light is always necessary for flowering. 
C) This allows plants to link flowering to temperature, which corresponds to the season when conditions are optimal. 
D) This allows plants to link flowering to day length, which corresponds to the season when conditions are optimal.

Question 13

Interrupting the night with a flash of light can trigger flowering in a long-day plant.Why doesn't introducing a short period of darkness during the day cause a short-day plant to flower?

Accepted Answer

A) Sunlight contains enough far-red light to inhibit phytochrome induction of flowering. 
B) A brief dark period is not sufficient to trigger flowering. 
C) Phytochrome is only active in the dark. 
D) The circadian clock is less responsive during the day than at night. 
A) Sunlight contains enough far-red light to inhibit phytochrome induction of flowering. 
B) A brief dark period is not sufficient to trigger flowering. 
C) Phytochrome is only active in the dark. 
D) The circadian clock is less responsive during the day than at night.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about plant tissue culture is false?

Accepted Answer

A) Virus-free crop species can be propagated by culturing meristems. 
B) Individual cells can give rise to whole plants through tissue cultures. 
C) Synthetic hormones can be used to selectively promote root or shoot formation. 
D) Callus tissue can only form roots, not shoots. 
A) Virus-free crop species can be propagated by culturing meristems. 
B) Individual cells can give rise to whole plants through tissue cultures. 
C) Synthetic hormones can be used to selectively promote root or shoot formation. 
D) Callus tissue can only form roots, not shoots.

Question 15

Which tissue can NOT divide to give rise to identical progeny in a plant that reproduces asexually?

Accepted Answer

A) root 
B) stem 
C) leaf 
D) pollen grain 
A) root 
B) stem 
C) leaf 
D) pollen grain

Question 16

What process results in the formation of the endosperm and the embryo in angiosperms?

Accepted Answer

A) alternation of generations 
B) hydrolysis 
C) determinate growth 
D) double fertilization 
A) alternation of generations 
B) hydrolysis 
C) determinate growth 
D) double fertilization

Question 17

Which structure contains the angiosperm egg?

Accepted Answer

A) style 
B) endosperm 
C) anther 
D) embryo sac 
A) style 
B) endosperm 
C) anther 
D) embryo sac

Question 18

Competence means that a plant is _________, while determination means that a plant tissue __________.The acquisition of flowering competence is an example of a __________.

Accepted Answer

A) capable of responding to signals that trigger a fate change; remains capable of adopting more than one possible developmental fate; phaseolus 
B) unresponsive to signals that trigger a fate change; is committed to a specific developmental fate; fate change 
C) in the process of responding to signals that trigger a fate change; was driven to adopt an abnormal developmental fate by transgene expression; flowerization 
D) capable of responding to signals that trigger a fate change; is committed to a specific developmental fate; phase change 
A) capable of responding to signals that trigger a fate change; remains capable of adopting more than one possible developmental fate; phaseolus 
B) unresponsive to signals that trigger a fate change; is committed to a specific developmental fate; fate change 
C) in the process of responding to signals that trigger a fate change; was driven to adopt an abnormal developmental fate by transgene expression; flowerization 
D) capable of responding to signals that trigger a fate change; is committed to a specific developmental fate; phase change

Question 19

Stratification refers to the extended exposure to ________________ that is required for some seeds to germinate.

Accepted Answer

A) long wavelengths of light 
B) low temperatures 
C) high relative humidity 
D) short daylengths 
A) long wavelengths of light 
B) low temperatures 
C) high relative humidity 
D) short daylengths

Question 20

A seed that lands in the forest soil is homozygous mutant for the LEAFY (LFY) gene, and as a result does not produce any functional LEAFY protein.What do you predict will happen during the development of this seed?

Accepted Answer

A) It will germinate and grow vegetatively, but will never produce flowers. 
B) It will fail to germinate. 
C) It will germinate and immediately produce flowers. 
D) It will germinate and grow vegetatively.It will only develop flowers if it is from a species regulated by the autonomous flowering pathway. 
A) It will germinate and grow vegetatively, but will never produce flowers. 
B) It will fail to germinate. 
C) It will germinate and immediately produce flowers. 
D) It will germinate and grow vegetatively.It will only develop flowers if it is from a species regulated by the autonomous flowering pathway.

Exam 41: Plant Reproduction

Dandelions develop seeds by apomixis.What benefits does this strategy provide over vegetative or sexual reproduction?

The HOBBIT gene in an embryo helps to control the development of what structure?

Arabidopsis plants with a mutation in the gene embryonic Flower (EMF) produce flowers almost immediately after germination, before shoot growth occurs.What is the normal role of this gene?

Which part of the seed produces hydrolytic enzymes that break down the starchy endosperm during seed germination?

What does the globular stage of plant embryo development give rise to?

What is the best description of double fertilization in angiosperms?

Evolutionarily, floral parts represent modified

Pollination begins when pollen is transferred from the ________ to the ________ of a flower.

Which of the following statements about the epicotyl is true?

Why do many plants use the photoperiodic pathway to regulate the timing of flower formation?

Interrupting the night with a flash of light can trigger flowering in a long-day plant.Why doesn't introducing a short period of darkness during the day cause a short-day plant to flower?

Which of the following statements about plant tissue culture is false?

Which tissue can NOT divide to give rise to identical progeny in a plant that reproduces asexually?

What process results in the formation of the endosperm and the embryo in angiosperms?

Which structure contains the angiosperm egg?

Competence means that a plant is _________, while determination means that a plant tissue __________.The acquisition of flowering competence is an example of a __________.

Stratification refers to the extended exposure to ________________ that is required for some seeds to germinate.

A seed that lands in the forest soil is homozygous mutant for the LEAFY (LFY) gene, and as a result does not produce any functional LEAFY protein.What do you predict will happen during the development of this seed?

The Science of Biology

The Nature of Molecules and the Properties of Water

The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

Cell Structure

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Energy and Metabolism

How Cells Harvest Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

How Cells Divide

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Patterns of Inheritance

Chromosomes, Mapping, and the Meiosis-Inheritance Connection

Dna: the Genetic Material

Genes and How They Work

Control of Gene Expression

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Pollination begins when pollen is transferred from the to the of a flower.

Competence means that a plant is _, while determination means that a plant tissue .The acquisition of flowering competence is an example of a ____.