Question 1

Why is relativism considered bad in the context of cross-cultural psychology?

Accepted Answer

A)  Researchers may disregard cultural practices and customs that are actually quite harmful to the group. 
B)  Researchers may be too biased by their own ethnocentrism to accurately judge another culture. 
C)  Cultural relativism tends to increase the likelihood for out-group homogeneity biases. 
D)  Cultural relativism might decrease the likelihood of finding cultural emics. 
A)  Researchers may disregard cultural practices and customs that are actually quite harmful to the group. 
B)  Researchers may be too biased by their own ethnocentrism to accurately judge another culture. 
C)  Cultural relativism tends to increase the likelihood for out-group homogeneity biases. 
D)  Cultural relativism might decrease the likelihood of finding cultural emics.

Question 2

Which of the following countries would MOST likely be classified as having a "loose" culture?

Accepted Answer

A)  United States 
B)  China 
C)  Japan 
D)  Germany 
A)  United States 
B)  China 
C)  Japan 
D)  Germany

Question 3

________ occurs when a child picks up the cultural influences of the place where he or she grows up.

Accepted Answer

A)  Acculturation 
B)  Enculturation 
C)  Assimilation 
D)  Accommodation 
A)  Acculturation 
B)  Enculturation 
C)  Assimilation 
D)  Accommodation

Question 4

Some cross-cultural researchers compare average levels of traits across cultures. For example, Chueng and Song (1989) found that Chinese participants generally described themselves as higher on ________ when compared to an American sample.

Accepted Answer

A)  emotional reserve 
B)  extraversion 
C)  impulsivity 
D)  sensation seeking 
A)  emotional reserve 
B)  extraversion 
C)  impulsivity 
D)  sensation seeking

Question 5

What conclusion emerges from item response theory (IRT) analyses that are used to evaluate the validity of cross-cultural comparisons of common personality measures?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mean level comparisons across countries and cultures are straightforward. 
B)  Personality variability is greater in collectivist countries as compared to individualistic countries. 
C)  Mean level comparisons across countries might be difficult due to item-responding differences. 
D)  Most people use personality items in the same way regardless of culture. 
A)  Mean level comparisons across countries and cultures are straightforward. 
B)  Personality variability is greater in collectivist countries as compared to individualistic countries. 
C)  Mean level comparisons across countries might be difficult due to item-responding differences. 
D)  Most people use personality items in the same way regardless of culture.

Question 6

Based on research discussed in the text comparing the importance of personality traits between individualistic and collectivistic countries, in which country would you expect there to be less research on personality traits and more research on social phenomena?

Accepted Answer

A)  United States 
B)  New Zealand 
C)  China 
D)  Germany 
A)  United States 
B)  New Zealand 
C)  China 
D)  Germany

Question 7

Why might researchers want to move beyond the collectivism and individualism distinction in the cross-cultural study of personality? What are some limitations of this approach, and what modifications have been proposed to broaden the scope of this work?

Accepted Answer

Researchers might want to move beyond th

Question 8

Describe evidence that is consistent with the idea that genetically influenced personality attributes generate cultural differences. What considerations are critically important to emphasize when discussing this possibility?

Accepted Answer

Evidence consistent with the idea that g

Question 9

According to Cohen, Nisbett, Bowdle, and Schwartz (1996), the American South has a culture that involves elaborate displays of mutual respect. This idea is called the

Accepted Answer

A)  culture of obligation. 
B)  culture of honor. 
C)  ritualistic respect. 
D)  customs of obligation. 
A)  culture of obligation. 
B)  culture of honor. 
C)  ritualistic respect. 
D)  customs of obligation.

Question 10

Match the description with its associated cultural characteristic.
-Need for achievement

Accepted Answer

A) High sensitivity to threats to reputation 
B) Limited acceptance for those outside cultural norms 
C) Belief that one's value is directly linked to one's own success overcoming obstacles 
D) Belief that the needs of the group outweigh the needs of the individual 
E) Limited availability of goals and the ways to achieve them
F)Belief that people are unique
G)Belief that one's value is unrelated to others' opinions
H)Emphasis on attaining goals
I)Avoidance of social conflict through hierarchy, humility, and harmony
J)Sensitivity to success and failure 
A) High sensitivity to threats to reputation 
B) Limited acceptance for those outside cultural norms 
C) Belief that one's value is directly linked to one's own success overcoming obstacles 
D) Belief that the needs of the group outweigh the needs of the individual 
E) Limited availability of goals and the ways to achieve them
F)Belief that people are unique
G)Belief that one's value is unrelated to others' opinions
H)Emphasis on attaining goals
I)Avoidance of social conflict through hierarchy, humility, and harmony
J)Sensitivity to success and failure

Question 11

The example of the abortion debate that illustrates the difference between personal freedoms and group moral responsibility illustrates which inherent cultural distinction?

Accepted Answer

A)  tough versus easy 
B)  horizontal versus vertical 
C)  individualism versus collectivism 
D)  etic versus emic 
A)  tough versus easy 
B)  horizontal versus vertical 
C)  individualism versus collectivism 
D)  etic versus emic

Question 12

According to recent cross-cultural research, bilingual individuals

Accepted Answer

A)  gave the same personality responses in both English and Spanish. 
B)  reported less extraversion when they completed the personality measure in English. 
C)  reported more neuroticism when they completed the personality measure in English. 
D)  reported more conscientiousness when they completed the personality measure in English. 
A)  gave the same personality responses in both English and Spanish. 
B)  reported less extraversion when they completed the personality measure in English. 
C)  reported more neuroticism when they completed the personality measure in English. 
D)  reported more conscientiousness when they completed the personality measure in English.

Question 13

What term associated with Japanese culture refers to indulgence and dependence that may exist between a parent and child?

Accepted Answer

A)  amae 
B)  anatta 
C)  anicca 
D)  amie 
A)  amae 
B)  anatta 
C)  anicca 
D)  amie

Question 14

________ cultures tend to emphasize the needs of the group.

Accepted Answer

A)  Tight 
B)  Collectivist 
C)  Complex 
D)  Tough 
A)  Tight 
B)  Collectivist 
C)  Complex 
D)  Tough

Question 15

Cultural tightness is analogous to the personality traits of

Accepted Answer

A)  ideocentrism and allocentrism. 
B)  conscientiousness and intolerance for ambiguity. 
C)  extraversion and introversion. 
D)  neuroticism and emotional stability. 
A)  ideocentrism and allocentrism. 
B)  conscientiousness and intolerance for ambiguity. 
C)  extraversion and introversion. 
D)  neuroticism and emotional stability.

Question 16

An individual from ________ is more likely to have a different emotional experience at school versus at home with their family, compared to an individual from ________, who is more likely to have a similar emotional experience at school and at home.

Accepted Answer

A)  New Zealand; Japan 
B)  Japan; China 
C)  United States; China 
D)  China; United States 
A)  New Zealand; Japan 
B)  Japan; China 
C)  United States; China 
D)  China; United States

Question 17

The holier-than-thou effect is MOST likely to occur in members from what country?

Accepted Answer

A)  Spain 
B)  China 
C)  England 
D)  India 
A)  Spain 
B)  China 
C)  England 
D)  India

Question 18

According to one study, city residents who scored higher on strengths of the head tended to vote for the ________ presidential nominee.

Accepted Answer

A)  Republican 
B)  Independent 
C)  Democratic 
D)  Green Party 
A)  Republican 
B)  Independent 
C)  Democratic 
D)  Green Party

Question 19

Match the description with its associated cultural characteristic.
-Vertical

Accepted Answer

A) High sensitivity to threats to reputation 
B) Limited acceptance for those outside cultural norms 
C) Belief that one's value is directly linked to one's own success overcoming obstacles 
D) Belief that the needs of the group outweigh the needs of the individual 
E) Limited availability of goals and the ways to achieve them
F)Belief that people are unique
G)Belief that one's value is unrelated to others' opinions
H)Emphasis on attaining goals
I)Avoidance of social conflict through hierarchy, humility, and harmony
J)Sensitivity to success and failure 
A) High sensitivity to threats to reputation 
B) Limited acceptance for those outside cultural norms 
C) Belief that one's value is directly linked to one's own success overcoming obstacles 
D) Belief that the needs of the group outweigh the needs of the individual 
E) Limited availability of goals and the ways to achieve them
F)Belief that people are unique
G)Belief that one's value is unrelated to others' opinions
H)Emphasis on attaining goals
I)Avoidance of social conflict through hierarchy, humility, and harmony
J)Sensitivity to success and failure

Question 20

The best analogy to describe the experience-near constructs within the field of cross-cultural psychology is

Accepted Answer

A)  "walking a mile in another's shoes." 
B)  "the squeaky wheel gets the grease." 
C)  "seeing the world through different lenses." 
D)  "the nail that stands out gets pounded down." 
A)  "walking a mile in another's shoes." 
B)  "the squeaky wheel gets the grease." 
C)  "seeing the world through different lenses." 
D)  "the nail that stands out gets pounded down."

Why is relativism considered bad in the context of cross-cultural psychology?

Which of the following countries would MOST likely be classified as having a "loose" culture?

________ occurs when a child picks up the cultural influences of the place where he or she grows up.

Some cross-cultural researchers compare average levels of traits across cultures. For example, Chueng and Song (1989) found that Chinese participants generally described themselves as higher on ________ when compared to an American sample.

What conclusion emerges from item response theory (IRT) analyses that are used to evaluate the validity of cross-cultural comparisons of common personality measures?

Based on research discussed in the text comparing the importance of personality traits between individualistic and collectivistic countries, in which country would you expect there to be less research on personality traits and more research on social phenomena?

Why might researchers want to move beyond the collectivism and individualism distinction in the cross-cultural study of personality? What are some limitations of this approach, and what modifications have been proposed to broaden the scope of this work?

Describe evidence that is consistent with the idea that genetically influenced personality attributes generate cultural differences. What considerations are critically important to emphasize when discussing this possibility?

According to Cohen, Nisbett, Bowdle, and Schwartz (1996), the American South has a culture that involves elaborate displays of mutual respect. This idea is called the

Match the description with its associated cultural characteristic. -Need for achievement

The example of the abortion debate that illustrates the difference between personal freedoms and group moral responsibility illustrates which inherent cultural distinction?

According to recent cross-cultural research, bilingual individuals

What term associated with Japanese culture refers to indulgence and dependence that may exist between a parent and child?

________ cultures tend to emphasize the needs of the group.

Cultural tightness is analogous to the personality traits of

An individual from is more likely to have a different emotional experience at school versus at home with their family, compared to an individual from , who is more likely to have a similar emotional experience at school and at home.

The holier-than-thou effect is MOST likely to occur in members from what country?

According to one study, city residents who scored higher on strengths of the head tended to vote for the ________ presidential nominee.

Match the description with its associated cultural characteristic. -Vertical

The best analogy to describe the experience-near constructs within the field of cross-cultural psychology is

The Study of the Person

Personality Research Methods

Personality Assessment: Effect Size, Replicability, and Open Science

Persons and Situations

Personality Judgment

Traits and Types: the Big Five and Beyond

Personality Stability, Development, and Change

The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality

Genetics and Evolution: the Inheritance of Personality

Basics of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current Research

Humanistic Psychology, Positive Psychology, and the Science of Happiness

Personality Processes: Learning, Motivation, Emotion, and Thinking

The Self: What You Know About You

Relationships and Business

Mental and Physical Health

What Have We Learned

Filters

Exam 13: Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality

Why is relativism considered bad in the context of cross-cultural psychology?

Which of the following countries would MOST likely be classified as having a "loose" culture?

________ occurs when a child picks up the cultural influences of the place where he or she grows up.

Some cross-cultural researchers compare average levels of traits across cultures. For example, Chueng and Song (1989) found that Chinese participants generally described themselves as higher on ________ when compared to an American sample.

What conclusion emerges from item response theory (IRT) analyses that are used to evaluate the validity of cross-cultural comparisons of common personality measures?

Based on research discussed in the text comparing the importance of personality traits between individualistic and collectivistic countries, in which country would you expect there to be less research on personality traits and more research on social phenomena?

Why might researchers want to move beyond the collectivism and individualism distinction in the cross-cultural study of personality? What are some limitations of this approach, and what modifications have been proposed to broaden the scope of this work?

Describe evidence that is consistent with the idea that genetically influenced personality attributes generate cultural differences. What considerations are critically important to emphasize when discussing this possibility?

According to Cohen, Nisbett, Bowdle, and Schwartz (1996), the American South has a culture that involves elaborate displays of mutual respect. This idea is called the

Match the description with its associated cultural characteristic. -Need for achievement

The example of the abortion debate that illustrates the difference between personal freedoms and group moral responsibility illustrates which inherent cultural distinction?

According to recent cross-cultural research, bilingual individuals

What term associated with Japanese culture refers to indulgence and dependence that may exist between a parent and child?

________ cultures tend to emphasize the needs of the group.

Cultural tightness is analogous to the personality traits of

An individual from ________ is more likely to have a different emotional experience at school versus at home with their family, compared to an individual from ________, who is more likely to have a similar emotional experience at school and at home.

The holier-than-thou effect is MOST likely to occur in members from what country?

According to one study, city residents who scored higher on strengths of the head tended to vote for the ________ presidential nominee.

Match the description with its associated cultural characteristic. -Vertical

The best analogy to describe the experience-near constructs within the field of cross-cultural psychology is

The Study of the Person

Personality Research Methods

Personality Assessment: Effect Size, Replicability, and Open Science

Persons and Situations

Personality Judgment

Traits and Types: the Big Five and Beyond

Personality Stability, Development, and Change

The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality

Genetics and Evolution: the Inheritance of Personality

Basics of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current Research

Humanistic Psychology, Positive Psychology, and the Science of Happiness

Personality Processes: Learning, Motivation, Emotion, and Thinking

The Self: What You Know About You

Relationships and Business

Mental and Physical Health

What Have We Learned

Filters

An individual from is more likely to have a different emotional experience at school versus at home with their family, compared to an individual from , who is more likely to have a similar emotional experience at school and at home.