Question 1

What statement best describes a cohort study?

Accepted Answer

A)  It focuses on a group of people exposed to a particular health problem or potential stressor over time 
B)  The researcher manipulates some of the variables in order to ascertain the effect of the manipulation 
C)  The individuals in the group with the disease are matched with individuals who are similar in some characteristics (e.g., age, gender) but who have not manifested the disease in question 
D)  Selected variables within a specific population are studied to look for evidence of association and causality 
A)  It focuses on a group of people exposed to a particular health problem or potential stressor over time 
B)  The researcher manipulates some of the variables in order to ascertain the effect of the manipulation 
C)  The individuals in the group with the disease are matched with individuals who are similar in some characteristics (e.g., age, gender) but who have not manifested the disease in question 
D)  Selected variables within a specific population are studied to look for evidence of association and causality A

Question 2

Identify four criteria that researchers and practitioners use to assess a causal relationship between a stimulus and the occurrence of a disease.

Accepted Answer

- temporal relationship: A person does not get the disease until after exposure to the cause.
- strength of association: Exposure to a specific stressor or cause is most likely to bring on the disease.
- dose-response: Persons who are most exposed to the contaminated food (e.g., ate the most) are the most ill.
- specificity: The cause is linked to a specific disease (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis does not result in chickenpox).
- consistency: Everyone who eats contaminated food gets the illness. If other food in another time and place is contaminated with the same bacteria, the same illness occurs.
- biologic plausibility: Consistent with the biologic/medical knowledge that is known (new discoveries may precede biologic plausibility).
- experimental replication: Several studies done by different scientists in different places produce the same or similar results.

Question 3

A public health nurse (PHN) is explaining to a nursing student how to use health statistics to understand population health. The PHN is comparing the incidence of childhood asthma in a population exposed to a certain air pollutant with the incidence in a population not exposed to that pollutant to determine relative risk. The PHN asks the student to select the statistic, which supports that the risk for asthma is greater in the exposed population. What is the correct answer?

Accepted Answer

A)  1.0 
A)  1.0 D

Question 4

A nurse in a large urban centre is working to provide secondary prevention. What action is the best example of this goal?

Accepted Answer

A)  Providing varicella-zoster immune globin (VZIG) to appropriate children after a classmate is diagnosed with chickenpox 
B)  Screening mammography for the early detection of breast cancer 
C)  Routinely immunizing 1-year-old children for measles, mumps, and rubella 
D)  Tuberculosis (T
B)  testing exposed students at a high school after a student is diagnosed with TB 
A)  Providing varicella-zoster immune globin (VZIG) to appropriate children after a classmate is diagnosed with chickenpox 
B)  Screening mammography for the early detection of breast cancer 
C)  Routinely immunizing 1-year-old children for measles, mumps, and rubella 
D)  Tuberculosis (T
B)  testing exposed students at a high school after a student is diagnosed with TB

Question 5

A nurse is working with a student nurse and explains that 12% of deaths were from colorectal cancer in 2010. What word is used to describe this type of statistical information?

Accepted Answer

A)  Crude mortality 
B)  Relative risk 
C)  Prevalence 
D)  Proportional mortality 
A)  Crude mortality 
B)  Relative risk 
C)  Prevalence 
D)  Proportional mortality

Question 6

A nurse is working with the school-aged population during the prepathogenesis period. What primary prevention activity would promote the health of this population?

Accepted Answer

A)  Case finding children who may have been exposed to a teacher with hepatitis A 
B)  Teaching handwashing and respiratory hygiene 
C)  Providing antimicrobials for newly diagnosed contacts 
D)  Advocating for testing of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) at a school-based clinic 
A)  Case finding children who may have been exposed to a teacher with hepatitis A 
B)  Teaching handwashing and respiratory hygiene 
C)  Providing antimicrobials for newly diagnosed contacts 
D)  Advocating for testing of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) at a school-based clinic

Question 7

What is an example of tertiary prevention of a communicable disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Observing clients taking tuberculosis medication 
B)  Demonstrating vaccine efficacy rates 
C)  Encouraging frequent handwashing during flu season 
D)  Immunizing students during a meningitis outbreak 
A)  Observing clients taking tuberculosis medication 
B)  Demonstrating vaccine efficacy rates 
C)  Encouraging frequent handwashing during flu season 
D)  Immunizing students during a meningitis outbreak

Question 8

What agency in Canada is currenlty responsible for gathering surveillance data on reportable diseases?

Accepted Answer

A)  Health Canada 
B)  Statistics Canada 
C)  Canadian Institutes of Health Information (CIHI) 
D)  Public Health Agency of Canada (PHA
C)  
A)  Health Canada 
B)  Statistics Canada 
C)  Canadian Institutes of Health Information (CIHI) 
D)  Public Health Agency of Canada (PHA
C)

Question 9

A public health nurse has been contacted because 12 students living in a college dormitory are ill with bacterial meningitis. The cases have been confirmed to be caused by Neisseria meningitidis. Using the Venn diagram, describe the environmental characteristics in this scenario and the mode of transmission of this organism.

Accepted Answer

Venn diagram-Environmental Characteristi

Question 10

Choose any infectious disease, such as tuberculosis, sexually transmitted infection, influenza, leprosy, etc. Apply your chosen disease to the natural history of disease process and describe two interventions that could be done by CHNs in each of the five levels of preventive measures.

Accepted Answer

Sexually transmitted infections
Primordi

Question 11

A public health nurse (PHN) is explaining to a nursing student how to use health statistics to understand population health. The nursing student wants to administer a survey about smoking behaviours to students in various grade levels within the school district to identify the best grade to initiate health education. A follow-up survey will be administered to assess the effectiveness of the educational program. What type of research design would be best at providing the epidemiological information needed in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cross-sectional study 
B)  Cohort design 
C)  Randomized control trial 
D)  Case-control methodology 
A)  Cross-sectional study 
B)  Cohort design 
C)  Randomized control trial 
D)  Case-control methodology

Question 12

Calculate the odds ratio of developing colorectal cancer related to a low-fibre diet from the following example. Write a statement that would explain your results to a client.
Study group = 300
Risk factor = low-fibre diet
Disease = colorectal cancer
Persons with low-fibre diet and colorectal cancer = 100
Persons with high-fibre diet and colorectal cancer = 20
Total persons with colorectal cancer = 120
Person with low-fibre diet and no colorectal cancer = 20
Persons with high-fibre diet and no colorectal cancer = 160
Total persons without colorectal cancer = 180

Accepted Answer

OR = a/c divided by b/d
= ad d

Question 13

Which epidemiological model best allows a nurse to visualize the relationships between various determinants of health?

Accepted Answer

A)  Causation criteria 
B)  Epidemiological triangle 
C)  Web of causation 
D)  Venn diagram 
A)  Causation criteria 
B)  Epidemiological triangle 
C)  Web of causation 
D)  Venn diagram

Question 14

A public health nurse (PHN) is explaining to a nursing student how to use health statistics to understand population health. The PHN asks the nursing student how participant privacy will be managed in the study. What strategy presented by the student would be best at meeting this ethical concern?

Accepted Answer

A)  Data will be used in a confidential manner 
B)  The survey will be anonymous 
C)  The participants will sign a consent form 
D)  Ethics approval will be sought 
A)  Data will be used in a confidential manner 
B)  The survey will be anonymous 
C)  The participants will sign a consent form 
D)  Ethics approval will be sought

Question 15

Describe three areas that Florence Nightingale addressed during the Crimean War that advanced the science of epidemiology. Give an example for each area that illustrates the relationship with current community health nursing practice.

Accepted Answer

- increased the recording of death stati

Question 16

The public health nurses (PHNs) are busy responding to seasonal influenza in a community of approximately 75 000 people. An assisted living facility has an increased number of influenza cases among the residents. Family members of the residents have been following FluWatch on the Public Health Agency of Canada web page. What type of reporting is FluWatch?

Accepted Answer

A)  Statistics Canada information 
B)  Surveillance data 
C)  Health Reports 
D)  Reportable disease 
A)  Statistics Canada information 
B)  Surveillance data 
C)  Health Reports 
D)  Reportable disease

Question 17

What is the purpose of epidemiology?

Accepted Answer

A)  The study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states in specified populations 
B)  To provide statistics to direct health care funding to the appropriate cause 
C)  To predict and control challenges to population health 
D)  An area of medicine that deals with the study of the causes of disease in populations 
A)  The study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states in specified populations 
B)  To provide statistics to direct health care funding to the appropriate cause 
C)  To predict and control challenges to population health 
D)  An area of medicine that deals with the study of the causes of disease in populations

Question 18

A nurse is concerned about a recent outbreak of measles in a group of migrant workers. How would the nurse explain the concept of incidence to a new staff member?

Accepted Answer

A)  The rate at which new cases occur in a population during a specified period 
B)  A measurement of disease frequency 
C)  Occurs frequently and with predicted regularity 
D)  The proportion of a population that is affected by the disease at a specific time 
A)  The rate at which new cases occur in a population during a specified period 
B)  A measurement of disease frequency 
C)  Occurs frequently and with predicted regularity 
D)  The proportion of a population that is affected by the disease at a specific time

Question 19

The public health nurses (PHNs) are busy responding to seasonal influenza in a community of approximately 75 000 people. An assisted living facility has an increased number of influenza cases among the residents. A nurse is doing an inservice with the nursing staff at the facility about the transmission of the influenza virus. Which is an example of direct transmission?

Accepted Answer

A)  Inhaling a droplet from a sneeze 
B)  Shaking a contaminated hand 
C)  Drinking tainted water 
D)  Touching a contaminated doorknob 
A)  Inhaling a droplet from a sneeze 
B)  Shaking a contaminated hand 
C)  Drinking tainted water 
D)  Touching a contaminated doorknob

Question 20

What term is used to answer the question "how bad is it?" and to describe the effect of a given disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Survival rate 
B)  Incidence rate 
C)  Prevalence rate 
D)  Mortality rate 
A)  Survival rate 
B)  Incidence rate 
C)  Prevalence rate 
D)  Mortality rate

Exam 11: Epidemiology

What statement best describes a cohort study?

Identify four criteria that researchers and practitioners use to assess a causal relationship between a stimulus and the occurrence of a disease.

A nurse in a large urban centre is working to provide secondary prevention. What action is the best example of this goal?

A nurse is working with a student nurse and explains that 12% of deaths were from colorectal cancer in 2010. What word is used to describe this type of statistical information?

A nurse is working with the school-aged population during the prepathogenesis period. What primary prevention activity would promote the health of this population?

What is an example of tertiary prevention of a communicable disease?

What agency in Canada is currenlty responsible for gathering surveillance data on reportable diseases?

Choose any infectious disease, such as tuberculosis, sexually transmitted infection, influenza, leprosy, etc. Apply your chosen disease to the natural history of disease process and describe two interventions that could be done by CHNs in each of the five levels of preventive measures.

Which epidemiological model best allows a nurse to visualize the relationships between various determinants of health?

A public health nurse (PHN) is explaining to a nursing student how to use health statistics to understand population health. The PHN asks the nursing student how participant privacy will be managed in the study. What strategy presented by the student would be best at meeting this ethical concern?

Describe three areas that Florence Nightingale addressed during the Crimean War that advanced the science of epidemiology. Give an example for each area that illustrates the relationship with current community health nursing practice.

What is the purpose of epidemiology?

A nurse is concerned about a recent outbreak of measles in a group of migrant workers. How would the nurse explain the concept of incidence to a new staff member?

What term is used to answer the question "how bad is it?" and to describe the effect of a given disease?

The History of Community Health Nursing in Canada

Policy, Politics, and Power in Health Care

Nursing Roles, Functions, and Practice Settings

Public Health Nursing

Home Health Nursing in Canada

Advocacy, Ethical, and Legal Considerations

Theoretical Foundations of Community Health Nursing

Health Promotion

Race, Culture, and Health

Research

Communicable Diseases

Community Nursing Process

Community Health Planning, Monitoring, and Evaluation

Digital Health

Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health

School Health

Family Nursing

Gender and Community Health

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Two Spirit Clients

Older Adult Health

Indigenous Health

Community Mental Health

Rural and Remote Health

Chronic Care, Long-Term Care, and Palliative Care

Correctional Health

Ecological Determinants of Health and Environmental Health Inequities

Violence and Health

Poverty, Homelessness, and Food Insecurity

Substance Use

Sexually Transmitted and Blood-Borne Infections

Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Nursing

Global Health

Filters