Question 1

Which gene provides an example of the phenomenon of heterochrony?

Accepted Answer

A)  A gene whose expression causes legs to form 
B)  A gene whose expression inhibits the formation of legs 
C)  A gene whose expression causes one segment to start growing sooner than it would in the absence of that gene expression 
D)  A gene whose expression affects more than one module 
E)  A gene that is expressed in a larger number of cells,causing a larger structure to form 
A)  A gene whose expression causes legs to form 
B)  A gene whose expression inhibits the formation of legs 
C)  A gene whose expression causes one segment to start growing sooner than it would in the absence of that gene expression 
D)  A gene whose expression affects more than one module 
E)  A gene that is expressed in a larger number of cells,causing a larger structure to form

Question 2

In studies of gene expression,which observation would be the least likely?

Accepted Answer

A)  As the result of radically different developmental processes within an insect species,some members of the species have a pair of wings that its conspecifics lack. 
B)  Expression of a gene that is important in developmental processes varies with temperature. 
C)  A species of fish is much larger than fish in a closely related species because a gene affecting bone growth is expressed earlier in development in the larger fish than in the related species. 
D)  The amino acid sequence of a Hox gene protein is extremely similar in nematodes and humans. 
E)  One rodent species has a narrower face than all others,because in that species the expression pattern of a gene that is important in development is more restricted in its spatial effects. 
A)  As the result of radically different developmental processes within an insect species,some members of the species have a pair of wings that its conspecifics lack. 
B)  Expression of a gene that is important in developmental processes varies with temperature. 
C)  A species of fish is much larger than fish in a closely related species because a gene affecting bone growth is expressed earlier in development in the larger fish than in the related species. 
D)  The amino acid sequence of a Hox gene protein is extremely similar in nematodes and humans. 
E)  One rodent species has a narrower face than all others,because in that species the expression pattern of a gene that is important in development is more restricted in its spatial effects.

Question 3

Lowering the expression of the MyoD gene would tend to _______ the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).This activity would tend to _______ differentiation of muscle cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  increase;enhance 
B)  increase;retard 
C)  decrease;enhance 
D)  decrease;retard 
E)  decrease;have no effect on 
A)  increase;enhance 
B)  increase;retard 
C)  decrease;enhance 
D)  decrease;retard 
E)  decrease;have no effect on

Question 4

The process that results in spatial organization of an organism or a tissue is called

Accepted Answer

A)  induction. 
B)  differentiation. 
C)  apoptosis. 
D)  determination. 
E)  pattern formation. 
A)  induction. 
B)  differentiation. 
C)  apoptosis. 
D)  determination. 
E)  pattern formation.

Question 5

The process of _______ leads to cells with specific structures and functions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The process of _______ leads to cells...

Question 6

Which is the correct ranking of stem cells with respect to the number of cell types into which they can differentiate (from greatest to least)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Multipotent > pluripotent > totipotent 
B)  Pluripotent > totipotent > multipotent 
C)  Pluripotent > multipotent > totipotent 
D)  Totipotent > pluripotent > multipotent 
E)  Totipotent > multipotent > pluripotent 
A)  Multipotent > pluripotent > totipotent 
B)  Pluripotent > totipotent > multipotent 
C)  Pluripotent > multipotent > totipotent 
D)  Totipotent > pluripotent > multipotent 
E)  Totipotent > multipotent > pluripotent

Question 7

Which statement about the gene MyoD is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It codes for a transcription factor. 
B)  It is involved in the differentiation of both animal and plant cells. 
C)  It is not found in stem cells of adult muscle tissue. 
D)  It directly inhibits cell division. 
E)  It induces cell division in muscle stem cells. 
A)  It codes for a transcription factor. 
B)  It is involved in the differentiation of both animal and plant cells. 
C)  It is not found in stem cells of adult muscle tissue. 
D)  It directly inhibits cell division. 
E)  It induces cell division in muscle stem cells.

Question 8

If a human fetus is exposed to chemicals that lead to the overexpression of Sonic hedgehog in the ZPAs of the developing arms,the baby will most likely have

Accepted Answer

A)  webbed fingers. 
B)  two thumbs on each hand. 
C)  two "little fingers" on each hand. 
D)  elongated arms. 
E)  shortened arms. 
A)  webbed fingers. 
B)  two thumbs on each hand. 
C)  two "little fingers" on each hand. 
D)  elongated arms. 
E)  shortened arms.

Question 9

Which type of cell is most likely to be unipotent?

Accepted Answer

A)  Early-stage cleavage cell 
B)  Pancreatic insulin secreting cell 
C)  Mesenchymal stem cell 
D)  Early gastrula cell 
E)  Stem cell from bone marrow 
A)  Early-stage cleavage cell 
B)  Pancreatic insulin secreting cell 
C)  Mesenchymal stem cell 
D)  Early gastrula cell 
E)  Stem cell from bone marrow

Question 10

Which statement about apoptosis is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is part of nematode development but not human development. 
B)  Despite more than 600 million years of evolutionary divergence,humans and nematodes share similar apoptosis pathways. 
C)  Because apoptosis genes kill cells,evolution selects against apoptosis pathways. 
D)  Caspases prevent protein degradation that would otherwise lead to cell death. 
E)  It is the mechanism determining the types of digits that form in the vertebrate limb. 
A)  It is part of nematode development but not human development. 
B)  Despite more than 600 million years of evolutionary divergence,humans and nematodes share similar apoptosis pathways. 
C)  Because apoptosis genes kill cells,evolution selects against apoptosis pathways. 
D)  Caspases prevent protein degradation that would otherwise lead to cell death. 
E)  It is the mechanism determining the types of digits that form in the vertebrate limb.

Question 11

Within an egg,there is usually an asymmetry in the distribution of yolk and other factors.This asymmetry indicates that the egg

Accepted Answer

A)  is pluripotent. 
B)  is determined. 
C)  has undergone pattern formation. 
D)  has polarity. 
E)  has unipotency. 
A)  is pluripotent. 
B)  is determined. 
C)  has undergone pattern formation. 
D)  has polarity. 
E)  has unipotency.

Question 12

If a cell that has been isolated from the root of a carrot is given the appropriate nutrients and cues,it will give rise to a mass of undifferentiated cells,which can go on to develop into a

Accepted Answer

A)  clone of the original carrot. 
B)  different species of carrot. 
C)  carrot that is genetically distinct from the original. 
D)  carrot embryo called a callus. 
E)  root of a carrot that is genetically distinct from the original. 
A)  clone of the original carrot. 
B)  different species of carrot. 
C)  carrot that is genetically distinct from the original. 
D)  carrot embryo called a callus. 
E)  root of a carrot that is genetically distinct from the original.

Question 13

In normal development of the plant Arabidopsis,four whorls of cells create the organs of the flowers.The outermost whorl (whorl 1)produces

Accepted Answer

A)  carpels. 
B)  petals. 
C)  stamens. 
D)  sepals. 
E)  sepals and stamens. 
A)  carpels. 
B)  petals. 
C)  stamens. 
D)  sepals. 
E)  sepals and stamens.

Question 14

The process by which the relative timing of different developmental processes is altered is called

Accepted Answer

A)  heterotopy. 
B)  homeosis. 
C)  developmental plasticity. 
D)  heterochrony. 
E)  homeostasis. 
A)  heterotopy. 
B)  homeosis. 
C)  developmental plasticity. 
D)  heterochrony. 
E)  homeostasis.

Question 15

The expression of hunchback in Drosophila is stimulated by _______ and inhibited by _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  Nanos;Bicoid 
B)  Nanos;Antennapedia 
C)  Bicoid;Antennapedia 
D)  Bicoid;Nanos 
E)  Antennapedia;Bicoid 
A)  Nanos;Bicoid 
B)  Nanos;Antennapedia 
C)  Bicoid;Antennapedia 
D)  Bicoid;Nanos 
E)  Antennapedia;Bicoid

Question 16

If you observed the epithelial lining of a developing salivary gland forming a branching tree of ducts and blind-ending sacs,you would know this structure was undergoing

Accepted Answer

A)  gastrulation. 
B)  determination. 
C)  apoptosis. 
D)  induction. 
E)  morphogenesis. 
A)  gastrulation. 
B)  determination. 
C)  apoptosis. 
D)  induction. 
E)  morphogenesis.

Question 17

In their studies to create induced pluripotent stem cells,Yamanaka and his coworkers used microarrays in order to

Accepted Answer

A)  reveal DNA sequences that differ between embryonic stem cells and nonstem cells. 
B)  reveal DNA sequences that differ between hematopoietic stem cells and nonstem cells. 
C)  reveal gene expression differences between embryonic stem cells and nonstem cells. 
D)  reveal gene expression differences between hematopoietic stem cells and nonstem cells. 
E)  induce gene expression in stem cells. 
A)  reveal DNA sequences that differ between embryonic stem cells and nonstem cells. 
B)  reveal DNA sequences that differ between hematopoietic stem cells and nonstem cells. 
C)  reveal gene expression differences between embryonic stem cells and nonstem cells. 
D)  reveal gene expression differences between hematopoietic stem cells and nonstem cells. 
E)  induce gene expression in stem cells.

Question 18

Which statement about Hox genes or their effects on Drosophila is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Homologous Hox genes encoding similar transcription factors are expressed in similar patterns along the anterior-posterior axes of humans. 
B)  Full-sized wings in Drosophila are normally produced on just the third thoracic segment. 
C)  Deletions of the Ubx gene in Drosophila convert the third thoracic segment into the second thoracic segment. 
D)  Ubx codes for a protein with a homeodomain that binds to the promoter region of target genes. 
E)  If Ubx is inactivated by a mutation,two sets of wings will develop in the fruit fly. 
A)  Homologous Hox genes encoding similar transcription factors are expressed in similar patterns along the anterior-posterior axes of humans. 
B)  Full-sized wings in Drosophila are normally produced on just the third thoracic segment. 
C)  Deletions of the Ubx gene in Drosophila convert the third thoracic segment into the second thoracic segment. 
D)  Ubx codes for a protein with a homeodomain that binds to the promoter region of target genes. 
E)  If Ubx is inactivated by a mutation,two sets of wings will develop in the fruit fly.

Question 19

Which of the following is a Drosophila maternal effect gene?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hunchback 
B)  Shh 
C)  Antennapedia 
D)  Bithorax 
E)  Bicoid 
A)  Hunchback 
B)  Shh 
C)  Antennapedia 
D)  Bithorax 
E)  Bicoid

Question 20

Which phenomenon appears to contradict Francois Jacob's view of evolution as a tinker?

Accepted Answer

A)  The sudden appearance of a novel structure 
B)  Parallel phenotypic evolution 
C)  Modifications of existing structures leading to new structures 
D)  Heterochrony 
E)  The conservation of developmentally important genes across distantly related organisms 
A)  The sudden appearance of a novel structure 
B)  Parallel phenotypic evolution 
C)  Modifications of existing structures leading to new structures 
D)  Heterochrony 
E)  The conservation of developmentally important genes across distantly related organisms

Exam 14: Genes, Development, and Evolution

Which gene provides an example of the phenomenon of heterochrony?

In studies of gene expression,which observation would be the least likely?

Lowering the expression of the MyoD gene would tend to _______ the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).This activity would tend to _______ differentiation of muscle cells.

The process that results in spatial organization of an organism or a tissue is called

The process of _______ leads to cells with specific structures and functions.

Which is the correct ranking of stem cells with respect to the number of cell types into which they can differentiate (from greatest to least)?

Which statement about the gene MyoD is true?

If a human fetus is exposed to chemicals that lead to the overexpression of Sonic hedgehog in the ZPAs of the developing arms,the baby will most likely have

Which type of cell is most likely to be unipotent?

Which statement about apoptosis is true?

Within an egg,there is usually an asymmetry in the distribution of yolk and other factors.This asymmetry indicates that the egg

If a cell that has been isolated from the root of a carrot is given the appropriate nutrients and cues,it will give rise to a mass of undifferentiated cells,which can go on to develop into a

In normal development of the plant Arabidopsis,four whorls of cells create the organs of the flowers.The outermost whorl (whorl 1)produces

The process by which the relative timing of different developmental processes is altered is called

The expression of hunchback in Drosophila is stimulated by _______ and inhibited by _______.

If you observed the epithelial lining of a developing salivary gland forming a branching tree of ducts and blind-ending sacs,you would know this structure was undergoing

In their studies to create induced pluripotent stem cells,Yamanaka and his coworkers used microarrays in order to

Which statement about Hox genes or their effects on Drosophila is false?

Which of the following is a Drosophila maternal effect gene?

Which phenomenon appears to contradict Francois Jacob's view of evolution as a tinker?

Introduction

The Chemistry and Energy of Life

Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes and Signaling

Pathways That Harvest and Store Chemical Energy

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

DNA and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Biotechnology

Processes of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Evolution of Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and Diversity

The Plant Body

Plant Nutrition and Transport

Plant Growth and Development

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

Plants in the Environment

Fundamentals of Animal Function

Nutrition and Digestion

Breathing

Circulation

Muscle and Movement

Neurons, Sense Organs, and Nervous Systems

Nervous and Endocrine Control

Water and Salts: Excretion

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Behavior

The Distribution of Earths Ecological Systems

Populations

Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Interactions Within and Among Species

Ecological Communities

The Global Ecosystem

Filters

Lowering the expression of the MyoD gene would tend to _ the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).This activity would tend to _ differentiation of muscle cells.

The expression of hunchback in Drosophila is stimulated by _ and inhibited by _.