Deck 17: Thermodynamics: Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Reactions and Processes

A)(S_surr  0 and its magnitude is less than S_sys.)
B)(S_surr  0 and its magnitude is less than S_sys.)
C)(S_surr  0 and its magnitude is greater than S_sys.)
D)(S_surr  0 and its magnitude is greater than S_sys.)
E)(S_univ  0)

A)(S_sys can always be determined from the heat transferred during the actual process.)
B)For a reversible spontaneous endothermic process, both q and S_sys will be positive.
C)The more heat that is transferred, the larger the magnitude of the entropy change.
D)The higher the temperature at which heat is transferred, the lower the entropy change.
E)All of the above are true.

A)I only
B)II only
C)III only
D)II and III only
E)I, II, and III are all reversible.

A)(q/T_sys  S_surr.)
B)(q/T_sys  S_surr.)
C)(q/T_surr  S_surr.)
D)q/T_surr  S_surr.
E)None of these, unless the system undergoes a reversible process.

A)the entropy of the system
B)the entropy of the surroundings
C)the entropy of the universe
D)the entropy of the system and the universe
E)the entropy of the system, the surroundings, and the universe

A)zero.
B)negative.
C)positive.
D)less than the change in entropy of the system (S_sys).
E)greater than the change in entropy of the system (S_sys).

A)when the temperature of the surroundings is low.
B)when the temperature of the surroundings is high.
C)when the temperature of the system is low.
D)when the temperature of the system is high.
E)at any temperature, because the amount of heat transferred is independent of temperature.

A)greater than zero.
B)less than zero.
C)equal to zero.
D)greater than or equal to zero.
E)greater than, less than, or equal to zero.

A)I only
B)I and II only
C)I and III only
D)II and III only
E)I, II, and III are all spontaneous.

A)(19.6 J/K)
B)(19.6 J/K)
C)(2.4 J/K)
D)(2.4 J/K)
E)(41.5 J/K)

A)(S_sys  0 and S_surr  0)
B)(S_sys  0 and S_surr  0)
C)(S_sys  0 and S_surr  0)
D)(S_sys  0 and S_surr  0)
E)Nothing can be deduced from this limited information.

A)(S_surr  0 and its magnitude is  S_sys.)
B)(S_surr  0 and its magnitude is  S_sys.)
C)(S_surr  0 and its magnitude is  S_sys.
D)(S_surr  0 and its magnitude is  S_sys.)
E)an error has been made, because S_sys  0 by necessity for a spontaneous process.

A)(S_surr  0 and its magnitude is  S_sys.)
B)(S_surr  0 and its magnitude is  S_sys.)
C)(S_surr  0 and its magnitude is  S_sys.)
D)(S_surr  0 and its magnitude is  S_sys.)
E)(S_univ  0)

A)(S_surr  0 and its magnitude is less than S_sys.)
B)(S_surr  0 and its magnitude is less than S_sys.)
C)(S_surr  0 and its magnitude is greater than S_sys.)
D)(S_surr  0 and its magnitude is greater than S_sys.)
E)(S_univ  0)

A)It is a measure of the distribution of energy in a system at a specific temperature.
B)It is a measure of the number of accessible microstates in a pure substance.
C)It is a property of the universe that increases during a spontaneous process.
D)It is a property of a system that may increase or decrease during a spontaneous process.
E)All of the above are true statements.

A)always increases.
B)always decreases.
C)does not change.
D)may decrease if the entropy of the system decreases sufficiently.
E)may decrease if the entropy of the system increases sufficiently.

A)greater than zero.
B)less than zero.
C)equal to zero.
D)greater than or equal to zero.
E)greater than, less than, or equal to zero.

A)(3.1 J/K)
B)(3.1 J/K)
C)0.0 J/K
D)(12.3 J/K)
E)(12.3 J/K)

A)9.95 kJ/K
B)35.7 J/K
C)1,809 J/K
D)1.81 J/K
E)127.40 kJ/K

A)increases.
B)decreases.
C)remains the same.
D)cannot be determined.
E)is irrelevant.

A)I only
B)II only
C)III only
D)I and II only
E)I, II, and III are all in their standard states.

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

A)( 0)
B)( 0)
C)( 0)
D)( 0,  0, or  0, depending on how carefully it was cooled)
E)( 0 or  0, depending on how carefully it was cooled)

A)increased.
B)decreased.
C)remained the same.
D)cannot be determined.
E)is irrelevant.

A)
B) )
C)
D)
E)

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

A)743 J/K
B)139 J/K
C)68.5 J/K
D)36.3 J/K
E)253 kJ/K

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

A)NH₃(g)
B)He(g)
C)C(s, graphite)
D)H₂O(l )
E)CaCO₃(s)

A)( 0.)
B)( 0.)
C)( 0.)
D)( 0,  0, or  0, depending on the chemical structure of the crystal.)
E)( 0 or  0, depending on the chemical structure of the crystal.)

A)Sodium chloride crystals form as salt water evaporates.
B)Helium gas escapes from the hole in a balloon.
C)Stalactites form in a cave.
D)Water freezes in a freezer.
E)All of these lead to a positive change in entropy of the system, because they are all spontaneous.

A)Salt crystals dissolve in water.
B)Air escapes from a hole in a balloon.
C)Iron and oxygen react to form rust.
D)Ice melts in your hand.
E)None of these leads to a negative change in the entropy of the system, because they are all spontaneous.

A)increased.
B)decreased.
C)remained the same.
D)cannot be determined.
E)is irrelevant.

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)(S_univ  0, because the dissolved carbon dioxide has fewer accessible states.)
B)(S_univ  0, because the dissolved carbon dioxide has fewer accessible states.)
C)(S_univ  0, because this is an equilibrium situation.)
D)(S_univ  0, because the gas dissolves spontaneously.)
E)(S_univ  0, because the gas dissolves spontaneously.)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)only that S_sys  0
B)only that S_sys  0
C)both S_sys  0 and the magnitude of S_sys  the magnitude of S_surr
D)both S_sys  0 and the magnitude of S_sys  the magnitude of S_surr
E)either S_sys  0 or S_sys  0 and the magnitude of S_sys  the magnitude of S_surr

A)CH₄(g)
B)CH₃CH₂OH(l )
C)CO₂(s)
D)Na(s)
E)NH₃(l )

A)(4.36 J/K)
B)(4.36 J/K)
C)(272 J/K)
D)(272 J/K)
E)0 J/K

A)(198.7 J/K)
B)(81.5 J/K)
C)(27.2 J/K)
D)(81.5 J/K)
E)(198.7 J/K)

A)(36.6 J/K)
B)(175.7 J/K)
C)(83.4 J/K)
D)(83.4 J/K)
E)(36.6 J/K)

A)an intensive property and a state function.
B)an intensive property and a path function.
C)an extensive property and a state function.
D)an extensive property and a path function.
E)not appropriately described in terms of an intensive property, an extensive property, a state function, or a path function.

A)0.5 g of HCN
B)1 mol of HCN
C)2 kg of HCN
D)2 mol of HCN
E)All of the above have the same entropy at 298 K.

A)NH₃(g)
B)H₂O(l)
C)Mg(s)
D)Hg(l )
E)Ar(g)

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

A)(G_sys  T S_system)
B)(G_sys  T S_system)
C)(G_sys  T S_universe)
D)(G_sys  T S_surroundings)
E)(G_sys  T S_universe)

A)(1.19 J/K)
B)(1.19 J/K)
C)(96.2 J/K)
D)(96.2 J/K)
E)0 J/K

A)(7.2 J/K)
B)(160.5 J/K)
C)(35.7 J/K)
D)(160.5 J/K)
E)(3.57 J/K)

A)(260.2 J/K)
B)(260.2 J/K)
C)(93.9 J/K)
D)(191.5 J/K)
E)(191.5 J/K)

A)(41.10 J/K)
B)(165.29 J/K)
C)(398.75 J/K)
D)(165.29 J/K)
E)(41.10 J/K)

A)(G refers to the formation of a compound from its elements; G can be defined for any reaction.)
B)(G refers to the formation of a pure compound; G can be defined for an impure compound.)
C)(G refers to a reaction that goes to completion; G is defined for a reaction that goes to any extent.)
D)(G refers to the conversion of reactants in their standard state to products in their standard state; G is defined for a reaction under any conditions.)
E)(G refers to reactions of one mole quantities of reactants; G is defined for any quantity of reactants.)

A)(196.4 J/K)
B)(196.4 J/K)
C)(93.9 J/K)
D)(93.9 J/K)
E)(401.4 J/K)

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

A)I only
B)II only
C)III only
D)I and II only
E)I and III only

A)(1.07 J/K)
B)(1.07 J/K)
C)(161 J/K)
D)(161 J/K)
E)0 J/K

A)(121 J/K)
B)(37.9 J/K)
C)(242.6 J/K)
D)(154.4 J/K)
E)(16.8 J/K)

A)(39.6 J/K)
B)0 J/K
C)(39.6 J/K)
D)(38.2 J/K)
E)(38.2 J/K)

A)(49.3 J/K)
B)(24.7 J/K)
C)(14.7 J/K)
D)(49.3 J/K)
E)(10.4 J/K)

A)(1,640.3 kJ/mol)
B)(244.2 kJ/mol)
C)(174.9 kJ/mol)
D)(174.9 kJ/mol)
E)(244.2 kJ/mol)

A)(5.897  10⁴ kJ/mol)
B)(297.8 kJ/mol)
C)(33.32 kJ/mol)
D)(16.66 kJ/mol)
E)(49.5 kJ/mol)

A)(6 kJ, spontaneous)
B)(76 kJ, not spontaneous)
C)(76 kJ, spontaneous)
D)(258 kJ, not spontaneous)
E)(258 kJ, spontaneous)

A) (l )  (g) and (l )  (g)
B) (l )  (g) and (l )  (g)
C) (l )  (g) and (l )  (g)
D) (l )  (g) and (l )  (g)
E)No strict relationship between these values applies.

A)I only
B)II only
C)III only
D)I and III only
E)I, II, and III are all true.

A)(2,705 kJ)
B)(608.0 kJ)
C)(1,791 kJ)
D)(3,457 kJ)
E)(608.0 kJ)

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

A)154C
B)313C
C)0.313C
D)40.0C
E)75C

A)(H  0 and S  0)
B)(H  0 and S  0)
C)(H  0 and S  0)
D)(H  0 and S  0)
E)None of these is true, because temperature must always be taken into account.

A)(79.31 kJ/mol)
B)(77.73 kJ/mol)
C)(2.324  10⁴ kJ/mol)
D)79.31 kJ/mol
E)(1,638 kJ/mol)

A)(88.8 kJ)
B)(88.8 kJ)
C)(192 kJ)
D)(192 kJ)
E)(3.38 kJ)

A)(962 kJ)
B)(573 kJ)
C)(573 kJ)
D)(817 kJ)
E)(817 kJ)

A)(4.8 kJ)
B)(4.8 kJ)
C)(52.3 kJ)
D)(52.3 kJ)
E)(43 kJ)

A)(50.8 kJ/mol)
B)(751 kJ/mol)
C)(113 kJ/mol)
D)(115 kJ/mol)
E)(807 kJ/mol)

A)the reaction rate is fast.
B)the entropy change is large and positive.
C)the enthalpy change is large enough to matter.
D)the entropy change is large and negative.
E)ethylenediamine has amino groups that are stronger bases than ammonia.

A)(S_rxn  0.)
B)(  0.)
C)(G_rxn  0.)
D)(  0.)
E)(H_rxn  0.)

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

A)(1,629.1 kJ/mol)
B)(1,582.1 kJ/mol)
C)(476.5 kJ/mol)
D)(476.5 kJ/mol)
E)(1,582.1 kJ/mol)

A)(G  0 and G  0.)
B)(G  0 and G  0.)
C)(G  0 and G  0.)
D)(G  0 and G  0.)
E)(G  0 and G  0.)

A)(G_sys  0.)
B)(G_sys  0.)
C)(S_sys  0.)
D)(S_sys  0.)
E)(H_sys  0.)