Question 1

Early thinkers in philosophy and psychology believed that we are shaped exclusively by our environments.These thinkers would endorse which of the following concepts?

Accepted Answer

A) Natural selection 
B) Tabula rasa 
C) Imprinting 
D) Imageless thought

Question 2

When students begin to read through their introductory psychology textbook,they are often surprised to learn that

Accepted Answer

A) common-sense explanations abound in the field of psychology. 
B) many of their beliefs about the causes of thoughts and behaviours are incorrect. 
C) psychology is a unique field of study separate from philosophy and biology. 
D) psychologists do not study people's everyday behaviours.

Question 3

Consistent and dependable scientific findings are also

Accepted Answer

A) accurate. 
B) falsifiable. 
C) parsimonious. 
D) replicable.

Question 4

A skeptic is one who

Accepted Answer

A) accepts claims on the basis of supportive scientific evidence. 
B) accepts claims only from trusted authority figures. 
C) accepts claims only on the basis of their popularity with the public. 
D) accepts claims only on the basis of logical reasoning.

Question 5

Holding on to the belief in an immunity from thinking errors and biases is known as the

Accepted Answer

A) bandwagon fallacy. 
B) either-or fallacy. 
C) not me fallacy. 
D) emotional reasoning fallacy.

Question 6

With respect to the criteria of sound scientific theories,which of the following pairs belong together?

Accepted Answer

A) Popper's predictions and replication 
B) Popper's predictions and parsimony 
C) Occam's razor and replication 
D) Occam's razor and parsimony

Question 7

Let's suppose someone holds a door open for you and you wonder "do they have a crush on me?" So you start to observe their behaviour with others,to see if they hold others' doors open or show courtesy and politeness in other circumstances.Your wonderment on the possibility of a crush is best thought of as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) theory. 
B) prediction. 
C) hypothesis. 
D) outcome.

Question 8

Which philosopher proposed that extraordinary claims required more evidence to support than usual?

Accepted Answer

A) Aristotle 
B) Kant 
C) Plato 
D) Hume

Question 9

Which theoretical approach argues that we learn by grasping the underlying nature of problems and attaining insight?

Accepted Answer

A) Cognitivism 
B) Behaviourism 
C) Functionalism 
D) Psychoanalysis

Question 10

A researcher who studies the relationship between brain functioning and various thought processes,such as remembering or planning,would belong to what field of psychology?

Accepted Answer

A) Evolutionary psychology 
B) Cognitive neuroscience 
C) Psychoanalysis 
D) Behaviourism

Question 11

Evaluating personal relationships and the way we relate to other people involves the __________ level of analysis.

Accepted Answer

A) biological 
B) social-cultural 
C) psychological 
D) interpersonal

Question 12

Juan just learned about the bystander effect in his psychology class and is telling his friends that he would never ignore someone who needs help in an emergency regardless of how many other people also witness the emergency.This example reflects what type of logical fallacy?

Accepted Answer

A) Emotional reasoning fallacy 
B) Either-or fallacy 
C) Not me fallacy 
D) Bandwagon fallacy

Question 13

Darlene has depression and she has been pursuing holistic therapies,organic creams and diets,and herbal supplements from a homeopathic practitioner for months,but she is not feeling any better.When asked why she does not take antidepressant medications to help alleviate her symptoms,Darlene defends her choice by saying she does not want to put chemicals of any kind in her body.This example relates to what danger of pseudoscience?

Accepted Answer

A) Transcendental temptation 
B) Opportunity cost 
C) Ad hoc immunizing 
D) Terror management

Question 14

Despite the fact that scientific research has found no support or basis for the belief of "the hot hand" in baseball,basketball,or golf,the idea still persists among athletes,sports commentators,and fans.This is a classic example of

Accepted Answer

A) belief perseverance. 
B) scientific illiteracy. 
C) the hindsight bias. 
D) gullibility.

Question 15

Abigail is watching a late night infomercial on television that advertises a new program called "Live Linguistically" that claims to help you learn a new language in a day.The ad says that "Live Linguistically has been scientifically proven by hundreds of studies to enable fast language learning through stimulation of the language pathways in your cerebral cortex and generate new language neurons.Not only will you be able to learn a new language in a day,but you will be able to speak it with perfect grammatical structure and accent for the rest of your life." This example reflects which of the following warning signs of pseudoscience?

Accepted Answer

A) Ad hoc immunizing 
B) Psychobabble 
C) Absence of connectivity 
D) Overreliance on anecdotes

Question 16

According to the authors,__________ of the claims made by self-help proponents have been scientifically examined.

Accepted Answer

A) roughly half 
B) many 
C) none 
D) few

Question 17

All of the following are the key principles of critical thinking used throughout your text except

Accepted Answer

A) Oberg's dictum. 
B) falsifiability. 
C) ruling out rival hypotheses. 
D) replicability.

Question 18

To believe that a ragged-looking man with a shopping cart is necessarily impoverished demonstrates

Accepted Answer

A) belief perseverance. 
B) the availability heuristic. 
C) healthy skepticism. 
D) confirmation bias.

Question 19

Suppose the vast majority of the general population believed that it was harmful to children when women worked outside the home.Without supportive evidence,the majority of believers could be wrong,illustrating the

Accepted Answer