Question 1

Studies of the relationship between infant temperaments and adult personalities show:

Accepted Answer

A)   the lack of a valid, reliable relationship between the two
B)   that infant temperament can predict aspects of adult personality
C)   that positive but not negative social behaviours can be predicted by early temperament
D)   that children classified as inhibited at age 3 were likely to be outgoing by young adulthood B

Question 2

Even though trait theories, like the five-factor theory, are descriptive in nature, they are important because they:

Accepted Answer

A)   provide information on unconscious processes
B)   allow for the use of projective techniques in understanding personality
C)   rely on situationism, an important theory in personality psychology
D)   can predict behaviours D

Question 3

If a therapist gives a client the Thematic Apperception Test, she is attempting to assess the client's:

Accepted Answer

A)   self-esteem
B)   degree of psychopathology
C)   sexual conflicts
D)   motives D

Question 4

According to Kagan and Snidman, when do we see the first evidence of a shy temperament in children?

Accepted Answer

A)   6 weeks
B)   10 months
C)   2 years
D)   5 years

Question 5

A primary advantage of a trait approach to personality is that it provides a method for:

Accepted Answer

A)   comparing individuals in regard to various personality dispositions
B)   describing rather than explaining personality
C)   identifying psychopathology
D)   assessing changes in one's personality over time

Question 6

The objective measures of personality described in your textbook:

Accepted Answer

A)   are able to reveal information about a person that the person may not wish revealed
B)   allow people to project their emotional conflicts onto neutral stimuli
C)   do not allow for the assessment of specific traits
D)   assess what respondents report believing or observing

Question 7

Todd is a very conscientious person, Jane is a very extroverted person, and Tyrone is a very agreeable person. In terms of human evolution, which of these people have a personality trait which is highly adaptive?

Accepted Answer

A)   Todd and Tyrone
B)   Jane only
C)   Tyrone only
D)   Todd, Jane, and Tyrone

Question 8

Peggy is in a room crowded with people. Everyone is talking and she has a hard time hearing people close by her. Suddenly, from the other side of the room, she hears someone whisper the name "Peggy." Peggy's ability to hear her name is due to:

Accepted Answer

A)   the self-awareness phenomenon
B)   the cocktail party phenomenon
C)   the filtering phenomenon
D)   the name-relevance phenomenon

Question 9

For Eysenck, the important difference between extroverts and introverts is that:

Accepted Answer

A)   extroverts are chronically over-aroused
B)   extroverts are seeking arousal while introverts are trying to avoid it
C)   introverts seek environments that increase their level of arousal while extroverts seek environments that decrease it
D)   the ascending reticular activating system is found primarily in extroverts and rarely in introverts

Question 10

Freud's stages of child and adolescent personality development are based on:

Accepted Answer

A)   moral concerns originating in the id
B)   the creation of a personal value system which is based in a strong superego
C)   seeking pleasure through different erogenous zones
D)   the development of unconditional positive regard

Question 11

Based on what you know about Freud's topography of mind, you can assume that information from the unconscious must reach the ____________ before it reaches the ____________ mind.

Accepted Answer

A)   anteconscious; preconscious
B)   preconscious; postconscious
C)   conscious; anteconscious
D)   preconscious; conscious

Question 12

In Freud's model, mental activity:

Accepted Answer

A)   is divided into three zones or levels
B)   is more important than the unconscious
C)   is the domain within which the libido operates
D)   is closely related to id processes

Question 13

Yaakov can be easily bored, so he seeks out situations which increase his excitement and arousal. He prefers "thrilling" activities to calm and safe ones. According to research presented in the textbook, a gene related to ____________ regulation may be responsible for these tendencies.

Accepted Answer

A)   testosterone
B)   serotonin
C)   dopamine
D)   acetylcholine

Question 14

Which of the following constructs is most clearly related to social evaluation?

Accepted Answer

A)   self-schema
B)   self-esteem
C)   self-concept
D)   self-knowledge

Question 15

During the phallic stage children develop hostility toward the same-sex parent because they desire an exclusive relationship with the opposite-sex parent. Freud argued that this conflict is typically resolved by:

Accepted Answer

A)   the child taking on many of the same-sex parent's values and ideals
B)   the child rationalizing the hostility in terms of the characteristics of the same-sex parent
C)   the id, which attempts to rein in the sexual urges
D)   the time the child is 4

Question 16

Compared to the Rorschach, the Thematic Apperception Test has been found to:

Accepted Answer

A)   more accurately reflect the unconscious conflicts present in the test taker
B)   be less reliable
C)   be a better predictor of behaviour
D)   be more difficult to interpret

Question 17

Which would be the best way to study a person phenomenologically?

Accepted Answer

A)   have the person's behaviour observed by two or more raters
B)   have the person tell you his or her life story
C)   have the person take a self-report test measuring the five traits of the five-factor theory
D)   have the person take a projective test

Question 18

Marta is the last person in her family to go to university. Her older siblings have encouraged her to be a doctor or a lawyer, but she would like to be an artist. Which of these theorists would most clearly be in favour of Marta following her dream of becoming an artist?

Accepted Answer

A)   Shinobu Kitayama
B)   Sigmund Freud
C)   Walter Mischel
D)   Carl Rogers

Question 19

If Andy's id is a very dominant force in his personality, he is likely to:

Accepted Answer

A)   feel embarrassed even if he has done nothing wrong
B)   be painfully shy
C)   do things he later regrets
D)   resolve conflicts in a peaceful way

Question 20

Freud used the term libido to refer to:

Accepted Answer

A)   unrestrained sexual behaviour
B)   unconscious motives
C)   the motive to punish or harm others, particularly parents
D)   an energy that promotes pleasure seeking

Exam 13: Personality