Question 1

Which of the following have been implicated in the origin of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)?
1) Oxygen toxicity
2) Malnutrition
3) Mechanical ventilation

Accepted Answer

A) 1 only 
B) 1 and 2 only 
C) 1 and 3 only 
D) 1, 2, and 3

Question 2

What is associated with ball-valve obstruction in meconium aspiration syndrome?

Accepted Answer

A)  Volutrauma 
B)  Atelectrauma 
C)  Hypertension 
D)  Hypotension

Question 3

What treatment usually causes improvement in the initial treatment of transient tachypnea of the newborn?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mechanical ventilation with PEEP 
B)  Oxygen with low FiO2 
C)  Bronchodilators 
D)  Mucolytics

Question 4

In which infants is the surfactant administered as rescue?

Accepted Answer

A)  Infants delivered prematurely 
B)  Infants with failure on CPAP trial 
C)  Infants with diagnosis of RDS 
D)  Infants with congenital heart disease

Question 5

Which test is commonly used to confirm the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sweat chloride 
B)  Chest radiograph 
C)  Lung diffusion capacity 
D)  Serum enzyme levels

Question 6

What percentage of births will present with meconium-stained amniotic fluid?

Accepted Answer

A)  2% 
B)  12% 
C)  25% 
D)  50%

Question 7

In which of the following defects is heart transplantation an accepted option for treatment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Interrupted aortic arch 
B)  Coarctation of the aorta 
C)  Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 
D)  Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 8

Which of the following therapies is least likely to be needed in the child with epiglottitis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tracheostomy 
B)  Pressure support with low-level CPAP 
C)  High FiO2 
D)  Humidity therapy

Question 9

What is the leading cause of death among patients with cystic fibrosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pancreatic disease 
B)  Lung disease 
C)  Gastrointestinal disease 
D)  Diabetes

Question 10

What are the major factors in the pathophysiology of RDS?
1) Qualitative surfactant deficiency
2) Increased alveolar surface area
3) Increased small airways compliance
4) Presence of the ductus arteriosus

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 2 only 
B) 1 and 3 only 
C) 1, 3, and 4 only 
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Question 11

Which of the following are used to diagnose GER?
1) Esophageal pH testing
2) Chest radiograph
3) Upper GI contrast studies
4) Gastric scintiscanning

Accepted Answer

A) 1 only 
B) 1, 2, and 3 only 
C) 1 and 3 only 
D) 1, 3, and 4 only

Question 12

Which of the following is the most common radiographic finding that suggests the presence of croup?

Accepted Answer

A)  Thumb sign 
B)  Flail chest 
C)  Sail sign 
D)  Steeple sign

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of an internal obstruction to the infant's airway?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hemangiomas 
B)  Neck mass 
C)  Tracheoesophageal fistula 
D)  Laryngomalacia

Question 14

Which of the following therapies has little effect on long-term outcome such as mortality and duration of oxygen therapy in infants with BPD?

Accepted Answer

A)  Diuretics 
B)  Steroids 
C)  Antibiotics 
D)  Bronchodilators

Question 15

Which of the following factors may stimulate pulmonary vascular spasm and cause persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn?
1) Hypoxemia
2) Hypoglycemia
3) Hypotension
4) Pain

Accepted Answer

A) 1 only 
B) 1 and 2 only 
C) 1, 2, 3, and 4 
D) 4 only

Question 16

Which of the following maternal characteristics are associated with an increased frequency of SIDS?
1) Younger than 20 years
2) Low socioeconomic status
3) Cigarette smoking
4) History of asthma

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 3 only 
B) 1, 2, and 3 only 
C) 3 and 4 only 
D) 2, 3, and 4 only

Question 17

Another name for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is:

Accepted Answer

A)  hyaline membrane disease. 
B)  transient tachypnea of the newborn. 
C)  type II RDS. 
D)  persistent pulmonary hypertension.

Question 18

Which of the following clinical signs is not consistent with the onset of RDS?

Accepted Answer

A)  Grunting 
B)  Retractions 
C)  Nasal flaring 
D)  Cyanosis

Question 19

Which of the following are common neuromuscular defect that affect infants?
1) Spinal muscular atrophy
2) Congenital myasthenia gravis
3) Myotonic dystrophy
4) Poliomyelitis

Accepted Answer

A) 1 only 
B) 1, 2, and 3 only 
C) 1 and 3 only 
D) 1, 2, and 4 only

Question 20

What is the likely diagnosis of an 18-month-old patient in moderate respiratory distress with a 1-week history of a low-grade fever and chills, barking cough, and an AP chest radiograph which shows a steeple sign?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pulmonary interstitial emphysema 
B)  Bronchopulmonary dysplasia 
C)  Epiglottis 
D)  Croup

Exam 34: Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Disorders

Which of the following have been implicated in the origin of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) ? 1) Oxygen toxicity 2) Malnutrition 3) Mechanical ventilation