Question 1

The short,tentacle like appendages coming from the main body of a nerve cell are called

Accepted Answer

A) dendrites. 
B) axons. 
C) synapses. 
D) vesicles. 
E) collaterals.

Question 2

Which descriptions are true of neurotransmitters?
I.produced by the endocrine system
II.transported in the bloodstream
III.interact with cells in their direct pathway
IV.act within 1 second or less after release
V.effects are of short duration

Accepted Answer

A) I,II,IV 
B) II,III,V 
C) III,IV,V 
D) I and II 
E) IV and V

Question 3

Match the following.
-drug

Accepted Answer

A) a site on a cell that interacts with some external chemical messenger in order to enable a response to occur 
B) a chemical messenger that is produced in the nervous system 
C) the intended site of a specific chemical reaction 
D) a substance introduced from outside the body that alters some body function 
E) an example of a polypeptide hormone
F)a molecule within a cell that is released in response to the interaction of a hormone or neurotransmitter with a receptor outside the cell
G)a chemical messenger that is produced in the endocrine system and indirectly regulates biochemical processes
H)an example of a steroid hormone
I)an example of an amino acid hormone

Question 4

Arrange the steps of the chemical response of a cell to epinephrine in the correct order.
1.production of GTP from GDP
2.conversion of cyclic AMP to ATP
3.activation of a G protein in the cell membrane
4.release of glucose into the bloodstream
5.activation of adenylate cyclase
6.conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP

Accepted Answer

A) 3,1,5,2,4,6 
B) 5,6,3,1,2,4 
C) 4,1,3,2,5,6 
D) 3,1,5,6,4,2 
E) 5,1,3,6,4,2

Question 5

Which of the following compounds is not an amino acid derivative hormone?

Accepted Answer

A) dopamine 
B) epinephrine 
C) thyroxine 
D) norepinephrine 
E) All of these are amino acid derivatives.

Question 6

Which of the following hormones acts directly rather than through a secondary messenger?

Accepted Answer

A) estradiol 
B) glucagon 
C) thyroxine 
D) epinephrine 
E) vasopressin

Question 7

The chemical structure of steroid hormones includes

Accepted Answer

A) ten or fewer amino acids. 
B) 10-50 amino acids. 
C) a carboxylic acid group and an alpha-hydroxy group. 
D) an aromatic ring and an alkene group. 
E) a central structure of four connected rings.

Question 8

Glucocorticoids are a specific type of steroid whose function is to

Accepted Answer

A) maintain pregnancy. 
B) promote development of secondary male sex characteristics. 
C) promote development of secondary female sex characteristics. 
D) regulate the sodium/potassium balance in cellular fluids. 
E) regulate glucose metabolism.

Question 9

Steroid hormones are chemically described as

Accepted Answer

A) molecules whose structure is clearly related to an amino acid,usually tyrosine. 
B) molecules containing a nucleus of four interconnected cyclic structures. 
C) molecules composed of three or more amino acids,but no secondary or tertiary structure. 
D) polypeptides with a high degree of secondary and tertiary structure. 
E) large protein molecules which are directly involved in the regulation of chemical reactions.

Question 10

A drug that interacts with a receptor to block or inhibit its normal response is a(an)

Accepted Answer

A) agonist. 
B) amino acid derivative. 
C) antagonist. 
D) hormone. 
E) steroid.

Question 11

Match the following.
-norepinephrine

Accepted Answer

A) a site on a cell that interacts with some external chemical messenger in order to enable a response to occur 
B) a chemical messenger that is produced in the nervous system 
C) the intended site of a specific chemical reaction 
D) a substance introduced from outside the body that alters some body function 
E) an example of a polypeptide hormone
F)a molecule within a cell that is released in response to the interaction of a hormone or neurotransmitter with a receptor outside the cell
G)a chemical messenger that is produced in the endocrine system and indirectly regulates biochemical processes
H)an example of a steroid hormone
I)an example of an amino acid hormone

Question 12

List and briefly describe the chemical sequence of events in the fight-or-flight response to a threatening situation from the binding of epinephrine at the receptor site to readiness for another situation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List and briefly describe the chemical sequence...

Question 13

Which two types of hormones act by way of second messengers?
I.amino acid derivatives
II.enzymes
III.peptides
IV.steroids
V.zymogens

Accepted Answer

A) I and II 
B) I and III 
C) I and IV 
D) II and V 
E) III and IV

Question 14

Hormones regulate biochemical reactions by

Accepted Answer

A) performing the same role as enzymes in certain reactions. 
B) acting rapidly on receptor sites close to the point where the hormone was produced. 
C) acting to produce indirect effects on reactions occurring at some distance from the site of hormone production. 
D) interacting with substrates to prevent their participation in specific reactions. 
E) altering the properties of substrates and enzymes in the target reaction.

Question 15

Match the following.
-receptor

Accepted Answer

A) a site on a cell that interacts with some external chemical messenger in order to enable a response to occur 
B) a chemical messenger that is produced in the nervous system 
C) the intended site of a specific chemical reaction 
D) a substance introduced from outside the body that alters some body function 
E) an example of a polypeptide hormone
F)a molecule within a cell that is released in response to the interaction of a hormone or neurotransmitter with a receptor outside the cell
G)a chemical messenger that is produced in the endocrine system and indirectly regulates biochemical processes
H)an example of a steroid hormone
I)an example of an amino acid hormone

Question 16

The endocrine system is most often controlled by

Accepted Answer

A) regulatory hormones released by the hypothalamus upon stimulation from the pituitary gland. 
B) neurotransmitters produced in the brain. 
C) neurotransmitters produced in the spinal cord. 
D) regulatory hormones released by the pituitary gland upon stimulation from the hypothalamus. 
E) regulatory hormones released by the thyroid gland upon stimulation from the hypothalamus.

Question 17

The three monoamine neurotransmitters most studied in relation to moods and emotions are

Accepted Answer

A) histamine,acetylcholine,and acetylcholinesterase. 
B) amitriptyline,phenelzine,and fluoxetine. 
C) serotonin,norepinephrine,and dopamine. 
D) tryptophan,serotonin,and melatonin. 
E) cortisone,testosterone,and androsterone.

Question 18

The function of a receptor is to

Accepted Answer

A) receive messages and store the information for later use. 
B) interact with a first messenger and hold the information until it can be passed on to a second messenger. 
C) cause a chemical change in the messenger to indicate that it has received information. 
D) receive messages and cause chemical changes within the target cell. 
E) release chemicals which interact with other receptors.

Question 19

A hormone that is involved in mediating inflammation and in metabolism of simple carbohydrates is classified as a(an)

Accepted Answer

A) mineralocorticoid. 
B) glucocorticoid. 
C) sex hormone. 
D) receptor molecule. 
E) inhibitor.

Question 20

A neurotransmitter that controls the perception of pain in the brain is

Accepted Answer

A) GABA. 
B) enkephalin. 
C) taurine. 
D) histamine. 
E) dopamine.

Exam 28: Chemical Messengers: Hormones, neurotransmitters, and Drugs