Question 1

Which is the more common method,longitudinal or cross-sectional?

Accepted Answer

A)   Longitudinal because it is less expensive.
B)   Cross-sectional because it is less expensive.
C)   Longitudinal because the results are obtained relatively quickly.
D)   Cross-sectional because the results are obtained over longer periods of time. B

Question 2

A school administrator wants to examine the effect of student lockers on class tardiness.He compares tardiness records of a school with no lockers to a school with lockers.What type of design is this?

Accepted Answer

A)   Non-equivalent control group
B)   One-group pretest-posttest
C)   Posttest only
D)   Pretest only A

Question 3

A researcher studies one group of children when they are 3,6,and 9 years old and another group of children when they are 9,12,and 15 years old.The researcher has used the ______ method.

Accepted Answer

A)   longitudinal
B)   sequential
C)   cross-sectional
D)   panel study B

Question 4

The question "Do single income families have child-care problems different than dual income families?" would be asked in which phase of program evaluation?

Accepted Answer

A)   Needs assessment
B)   Program theory assessment
C)   Outcome evaluation
D)   Efficiency assessment

Question 5

Causal inference in quasi-experimental designs is _____ difficult than in true experiments because quasi-experimental designs _____ the important features of true designs.

Accepted Answer

A)   less;have more of
B)   more;lack
C)   more;have more of
D)   less;lack

Question 6

An advantage of the ABAB reversal design over the ABA design is that it

Accepted Answer

A)   is less expensive.
B)   allows for fewer alternative explanations for the results.
C)   should be used in clinical research.
D)   takes less time and fewer resources.

Question 7

A quasi-experimental design attempts to

Accepted Answer

A)   approximate the control features of true experiments.
B)   create natural conditions in the laboratory.
C)   control all extraneous variables after subjects have been randomly assigned.
D)   measure changes in the manipulated variable.

Question 8

Which one of the following is a reversal design?

Accepted Answer

A)   Pretest-posttest design
B)   Interrupted time series design
C)   ABAB design
D)   Multiple baselines design

Question 9

The use of existing natural groups of participants often results in

Accepted Answer

A)   non-equivalent groups.
B)   equivalent groups.
C)   many independent variables.
D)   equal numbers of males and females.

Question 10

Any event that occurs between the first and second measurement period but is not part of the manipulation is referred to as a _____ effect.

Accepted Answer

A)   history
B)   maturation
C)   testing
D)   regression toward the mean

Question 11

To examine how a reward influences a desired behaviour,a mother first counts the number of times her son makes his bed over a two-week period.For the next two weeks,she gives him a reward every time he makes his bed.Following this period,she stops giving him a reward and again counts the number of times he makes his bed.This procedure would be an example of a(n)_____ design.

Accepted Answer

A)   pretest-posttest
B)   baseline treatment
C)   control series
D)   ABA

Question 12

Regression toward the mean refers to the fact that

Accepted Answer

A)   extreme scores tend to change toward the less extreme mean.
B)   statistics are a useful tool for researchers.
C)   multiple dependent variables often correlate with each other.
D)   later scores are usually similar to earlier scores.

Question 13

Which one of the following is NOT a type of program evaluation research?

Accepted Answer

A)   Needs assessment
B)   Process evaluation
C)   Outcome evaluation
D)   Participant evaluation

Question 14

I assess your attitude toward marijuana,present you with a persuasive communication favouring liberalization of marijuana laws,and then reassess your attitude toward the drug.However,between assessment 1 and assessment 2,the President also advocates liberalization of marijuana laws.If I don't use a control group,any differences I observe are suspect on the grounds of

Accepted Answer

A)   maturation.
B)   history.
C)   regression toward the mean.
D)   testing.

Question 15

From an ethical viewpoint,the ABAB design is preferred over the ABA design because

Accepted Answer

A)   the ABAB design more powerfully rules out chance fluctuations.
B)   the ABAB design is less expensive.
C)   the ABAB design shows the reversibility of a treatment.
D)   it does not seem right to end the design with the withdrawal of a treatment that may be beneficial to the participant.

Question 16

A researcher wants to test the effect of alcohol on driving performance.Participants first drive through an obstacle course before drinking any alcohol.The participants then drink 8 ounces of alcohol and drive the course again.After each trial,the number of traffic cones hit is recorded.Surprisingly,the researcher finds that the number of traffic cones hit is greater before rather than after the participant drank the alcohol.What may best account for the change in performance?

Accepted Answer

A)   Maturation
B)   History
C)   Testing effect
D)   Instrument decay

Question 17

You go to several elementary schools where you test students who are in the first grade,third grade,and sixth grade to examine the effect of age on a reasoning ability task.You have used the ________ method.

Accepted Answer

A)   longitudinal
B)   sequential
C)   cross-sectional
D)   time analysis

Question 18

Researchers have developed systematic approaches to evaluation research when there are restraints of time,budget,and data collection.These approaches are referred to as _____ evaluation.

Accepted Answer

A)   control series
B)   shoestring
C)   program
D)   single subject

Question 19

A researcher records the number of motorcycle fatalities before and after the implementation of a mandatory helmet law.During the same period,she compares this number to the number of motorcycle fatalities of three states that do not have a mandatory helmet law.This research design would be an example of a(n)_____ design.

Accepted Answer

A)   true experiment
B)   single case
C)   interrupted time series
D)   control series

Question 20

Single case experiments were developed from a need to

Accepted Answer

A)   have a design that examines a measurement at only one point in time.
B)   measure only a single dependent variable.
C)   determine whether a manipulation had an effect on a single research participant.
D)   reduce the cost of research.

Exam 11: Research Designs for Special Circumstances