Question 1

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrate the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials?
(NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)
Trial 1: An owl is a bird.
Trial 2: A penguin is a bird.
Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.

Accepted Answer

A)  583: 518: 653 msec 
B)  518: 583: 653 msec 
C)  583: 653: 518 msec 
D)  653: 583: 518 msec

Question 2

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture.The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category.Their results showed

Accepted Answer

A)  the priming effect was most robust for superordinate level categories. 
B)  the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories. 
C)  no measurable priming effect. 
D)  the priming effect was the same for superordinate and basic level categories.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is NOT cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful?

Accepted Answer

A)  Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects. 
B)  Categories help us understand behaviors that we might otherwise find baffling. 
C)  Categories serve as a valuable tool for making inferences about things that belong to other categories. 
D)  Categories have been called "pointers to knowledge" because once you know an object's category, you know a lot of general things about it.

Question 4

Which methodology is used to study categorization processes in very young infants?

Accepted Answer

A)  Familiarization/novelty preference procedure 
B)  Sentence verification technique 
C)  Lexical decision task 
D)  Semantic priming procedure

Question 5

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S.and Itza participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S.participants would answer ____ and Itza participants would answer ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  bird; bird 
B)  bird; sparrow 
C)  sparrow; bird 
D)  sparrow; sparrow

Question 6

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

Accepted Answer

A)  the connection weights add up to exactly +1.00. 
B)  the output pattern matches the initial input pattern. 
C)  the back propagated error signal is zero. 
D)  the output unit response is greater than zero.

Question 7

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Accepted Answer

A)  Musical instrument 
B)  Guitar 
C)  Rock guitar 
D)  Paul McCartney's bass guitar

Question 8

Describe the prototype approach to categorization.Define prototype and give examples for the category of "clothing." Mention items that are high and low on prototypicality in the clothing category.Finally, describe the experiments that Rosch and her colleagues did to demonstrate the connections between prototypicality and behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the prototype approach to categorization.Define prototype...

Question 9

Which of the following is most closely modeled on the way the nervous system operates?

Accepted Answer

A)  Semantic network theory 
B)  The prototype approach 
C)  Parallel distributed processing theory 
D)  Enhancement due to priming

Question 10

The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.

Accepted Answer

A)  parallel distributed processing 
B)  connectionist network 
C)  neural network 
D)  semantic network

Question 11

Explain how learning occurs in a connectionist network.Describe the process of back propagation.How is the pattern of output activity in a network adjusted so that the output signal matches the correct signal for a given stimulus?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how learning occurs in a connectionist...

Question 12

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

Accepted Answer

A)  semantic network 
B)  hierarchical 
C)  spreading activation 
D)  connectionist

Question 13

A(n)____ is a mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and using and understanding language.

Accepted Answer

A)  exemplar 
B)  concept 
C)  unit 
D)  prototype

Question 14

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

Accepted Answer

A)  disrupts the processing of another stimulus. 
B)  acts as a cue that tells the participant when his or her response was correct. 
C)  facilitates the response to another stimulus. 
D)  relates to a prototype.

Question 15

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups.Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants.If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level.

Accepted Answer

A)  superordinate; subordinate 
B)  superordinate; basic 
C)  subordinate; basic 
D)  basic; subordinate

Question 16

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do)is

Accepted Answer

A)  family resemblance. 
B)  prototypicality. 
C)  graded membership. 
D)  instance theory.

Question 17

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model.

Accepted Answer

A)  spreading activation 
B)  cognitive economy 
C)  typicality 
D)  back propagation

Question 18

Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks?

Accepted Answer

A)  Distributed processing 
B)  Cognitive economy 
C)  Prototype formation 
D)  Family resemblance

Question 19

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?

Accepted Answer

A)  A field sparrow is a bird. 
B)  A field sparrow is a sparrow. 
C)  A field sparrow is an animal. 
D)  A field sparrow is a field sparrow.

Question 20

Describe the evidence from both physiological research and patient data to explain how categories are represented in the brain.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the evidence from both physiological research...

Exam 9: Knowledge

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrate the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.