Question 1

The Stroop effect demonstrates

Accepted Answer

A)  how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing. 
B)  a failure of divided attention. 
C)  the ease of performing a low-load task. 
D)  support for object-based attention.

Question 2

Colby and coworkers' study showed that a monkey's parietal cortex responded best to the appearance of a light when it was the focus of the monkey's

Accepted Answer

A)  attention. 
B)  eyes. 
C)  fixation. 
D)  all of the above

Question 3

The automatic process exhibited in the standard Stroop effect is

Accepted Answer

A)  naming colors. 
B)  reading words. 
C)  naming distractors. 
D)  shadowing messages.

Question 4

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that

Accepted Answer

A)  has high stimulus salience. 
B)  fits with the observer's interests. 
C)  is familiar. 
D)  carries meaning for the observer.

Question 5

Illusory conjunctions are

Accepted Answer

A)  combinations of features from different stimuli. 
B)  misidentified objects using the context of the scene. 
C)  combinations of features from the masking field and the stimuli. 
D)  features that are consistent across different stimuli.

Question 6

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the ______ of words.

Accepted Answer

A)  meaning 
B)  color 
C)  size 
D)  font

Question 7

Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner.This is a real-world example of

Accepted Answer

A)  the late-selection model of attention. 
B)  an object-based attentional failure. 
C)  inattentional blindness. 
D)  the cocktail party phenomenon.

Question 8

Define change blindness.Explain two sets of experimental data that illustrate this phenomenon.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define change blindness.Explain two sets of experimental...

Question 9

In a dichotic listening experiment, ______ refers to the procedure that is used to force participants to pay attention to a specific message among competing messages.

Accepted Answer

A)  rehearsing 
B)  shadowing 
C)  echoing 
D)  delayed repeating

Question 10

Eye tracker studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich shows that a person's eye movements

Accepted Answer

A)  usually followed a motor action by a fraction of a second. 
B)  were influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene. 
C)  were determined primarily by the task. 
D)  continually scanned all objects and areas of the scene.

Question 11

Flanker compatibility experiments have been conducted using a variety of stimulus conditions.By definition, this procedure must include at least one target and one distractor.In any condition where we find that a distractor influenced reaction time, we can conclude that the distractor

Accepted Answer

A)  was overtly responded to by the participant. 
B)  was processed. 
C)  was ignored. 
D)  appeared in a high-load condition.

Question 12

In Broadbent's filter model, the stages of information processing occur in which order?

Accepted Answer

A)  Detector, filter, sensory store, memory 
B)  Sensory store, filter, detector, memory 
C)  Filter, detector, sensory store, memory 
D)  Detector, sensory store, filter, memory

Question 13

Results of precueing experiments show that participants respond more rapidly to a stimulus that appeared at the ____ location.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixated 
B)  cued 
C)  rightmost 
D)  topmost

Question 14

Describe Moray's "words in the unattended ear" experiment.Why does this research pose a problem for Broadbent's filter model? Specifically, what does this research say about its classification as an early selection model?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe Moray's "words in the unattended ear"...

Question 15

The ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  divided attention. 
B)  dual attention. 
C)  divergent tasking. 
D)  selective attention.

Question 16

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people

Accepted Answer

A)  could focus on a message only if they are repeating it. 
B)  could focus on a message only if they rehearsed it. 
C)  could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time. 
D)  could not focus on a message presented to only one ear.

Question 17

Automatic processing occurs when

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive resources are high. 
B)  response times are long. 
C)  tasks are well-practiced. 
D)  attention is focused.

Question 18

Selection of the attended message in the Broadbent model occurs based on the

Accepted Answer

A)  meaning of the message. 
B)  physical characteristics of the message. 
C)  physical characteristics of the message plus the meaning, if necessary. 
D)  listener's ability to mentally block the unattended message from getting in.

Question 19

Lavie showed how results that appear contradictory (some supporting early selection, others supporting late selection)can all be explained by the same general principle.What is this principle? Explain the experimental results to support your conclusions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Lavie showed how results that appear contradictory...

Question 20

Broadbent's "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on

Accepted Answer

A)  meaning. 
B)  modality. 
C)  physical characteristics. 
D)  higher order characteristics.

Exam 4: Attention