Question 1

Having to decide as quickly as possible if a string of words is a real word or not is a(n) ________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Having to decide as quickly as possible...

Question 2

Research has demonstrated that endorsement of traditional stereotypes leads to the oppression of women.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Based on the definition of stereotyping given in the textbook, stereotypes can be either positive or negative.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Researchers Darley and Gross (1983) showed different groups of people identical videotape footage of "Hannah," a girl who was said to come either from an impoverished background or from a wealthy background. They found that people stereotyped the girl as intellectually inferior when they were led to believe that she came from an impoverished background. However, this stereotype emerged only when participants saw footage of Hannah ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  playing 
B)  with her family 
C)  taking an oral exam at school 
D)  doing creative (painting and drawing) exercises

Question 5

In the context of realistic conflict theory, the term "superordinate goal" refers to a goal that ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  is a stepping stone to a larger goal 
B)  is symbolic rather than tangible or concrete 
C)  can be achieved only by cooperating and working with others 
D)  inevitably pits one group against another (i.e., a "zero-sum goal")

Question 6

When people try to hide, or control, their implicit prejudices, it takes a toll on their ability to ____ when it comes to other tasks.

Accepted Answer

A)  express their emotions 
B)  use emotional intelligence 
C)  rely on the automatic system 
D)  self-regulate

Question 7

Research has shown that people's judgments about racial and ethnic differences averaged within ________________ of the objective facts.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research has shown that people's judgments about...

Question 8

People tend to show a preference for ingroups over outgroups even when group membership is determined at random, and even when they have never interacted with members of their ingroup. This tendency is known as ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  the discontinuity effect 
B)  ingroup favoritism 
C)  stigma by association 
D)  the minimal group effect

Question 9

The human mind seems naturally inclined to ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  think about each object in a group separately 
B)  sort objects into groups 
C)  constantly shift their opinions on which objects belong in which groups 
D)  spend a large amount of cognitive effort on forming impressions of objects

Question 10

Researchers Plant and Devine have identified two basic motives that people have for overcoming prejudice. These can be classified as ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  internal and external 
B)  implicit and explicit 
C)  ingroup-driven and outgroup-driven 
D)  enhancement-based and consistency-based

Question 11

Which of the following is the best definition of "discrimination"?

Accepted Answer

A)  A negative attitude or feeling toward an individual based solely on that individual's membership in a certain group 
B)  A negative attitude or feeling toward a racial or ethnic group 
C)  Unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong 
D)  Beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits.

Question 12

Researchers dropped 100 unsealed envelopes containing money around the campus of a Swedish university. Half the letters were addressed to a person with a common Swedish surname (A. Andersson), whereas the other half of the letters were addressed to a person with a common Muslim surname (A. Abdullah). The researchers found that ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  more than half of the envelopes with a Swedish surname were returned while slightly over one-third of those with a Muslim surname were 
B)  nearly all of the envelopes were returned, regardless of the surname 
C)  almost none of the envelopes were returned, regardless of the surname 
D)  nearly all of the envelopes with a Swedish surname were returned, while slightly over half of those with a Muslim surname were

Question 13

Suppose that Al is obese, and you are prejudiced against obese people. Which of the following would be the best example of stigma by association?

Accepted Answer

A)  You evaluate people less positively when you find out they are friends with Al. 
B)  You assume that because Al is obese, he probably has several other negative qualities as well (slovenliness, inarticulateness, etc.). 
C)  You assume that Al is similar to other obese people. 
D)  You try not to associate with Al because at some level you are afraid (albeit irrationally) of becoming obese yourself.

Question 14

Suppose that Fred is a "morning person" and his brother Ned is an "evening person." Which of the following will probably be true regarding their tendencies to employ stereotypes?

Accepted Answer

A)  They will both use stereotypes throughout the day. 
B)  They will both tend to use more stereotypes late in the day. 
C)  Fred will tend to use more stereotypes late in the day. 
D)  Ned will tend to use more stereotypes late in the day.

Question 15

Scapegoat theory proposes that ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  people are far more likely to take the credit when they encounter successes than they are to take the blame when they encounter failures 
B)  people blame their problems and misfortunes on outgroups, and therefore hold negative attitudes toward those outgroups 
C)  people attend more to information that supports their existing views than they do to information that disconfirms their existing views 
D)  compared to positive stereotypes, negative stereotypes are more easily adopted and have greater staying power

Question 16

Groups are more influenced by competition than individuals are. This effect has been dubbed ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  the discontinuity effect 
B)  group conflict theory 
C)  the minimal group effect 
D)  group polarization

Question 17

Which of the following statements best exemplifies Plant and Devine's notion of Internal Motivation to Respond Without Prejudice?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because of my personal values, I believe that using stereotypes is wrong. 
B)  I try to act non-prejudiced because of pressure from others. 
C)  While there is truth to many stereotypes, they are sometimes misleading. 
D)  Many people who say that they are unprejudiced are actually prejudiced.

Question 18

Vera believes that old people smell bad. Suppose that, when getting on the bus earlier this week, she felt repulsed when she saw that the only available seat was next to an old person. This would be an example of ________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Vera believes that old people smell bad....

Question 19

Recall Muzafer Sherif's research with two groups of 11-year boys camping at Robber's Cave (the "Eagles" and the "Rattlers"). Which of the following theories best accounts for the kind of prejudice that existed between these groups?

Accepted Answer

A)  The contact hypothesis 
B)  Realistic conflict theory 
C)  Social dominance theory 
D)  Symbolic politics theory

Question 20

The so-called "minimal group effect" most directly suggests that ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  prejudices can be "unlearned" just as quickly as they can be "learned" 
B)  people are predisposed to identify themselves with a larger social group 
C)  the more social groups there are, the less prejudice there should be 
D)  people are predisposed to divide the world into "us" and "them," and to show a preference for "us"

Exam 13: Prejudice and Intergroup Relations