Question 1

Correlation cannot provide any information about:

Accepted Answer

A) significance. 
B) causality. 
C) directionality. 
D) generalizability.

Question 2

Which of the following is defined as the degree to which a measure retains its validity across various contexts?

Accepted Answer

A) Reliability 
B) Social desirability 
C) Construct validity 
D) Generalizability

Question 3

Which of the following sources of personality data places participants in a standardized testing situation to obtain personality-relevant information?

Accepted Answer

A) Self-report data (S-data) 
B) Observer-report data (O-data) 
C) Test data (T-data) 
D) Life-outcome data (L-data)

Question 4

Usually,combining data from multiple observers is:

Accepted Answer

A) more confusing and less precise than using data from a single observer. 
B) more valid and more reliable than using data obtained by a single observer. 
C) less reliable and less valid than data obtained by a single clinical psychologist. 
D) more reliable and more valid than using single measures of personality.

Question 5

In the context of validity,which of the following refers to whether a test foretells criteria external to the test?

Accepted Answer

A) Predictive validity 
B) Convergent validity 
C) Discriminant validity 
D) Face validity

Question 6

In the context of evaluation of observer-based personality measures,when different observers fail to agree with each other,the measure is said to have low:

Accepted Answer

A) face validity. 
B) discriminant validity. 
C) inter-rater reliability. 
D) test-retest reliability.

Question 7

An advantage of experience sampling data is that:

Accepted Answer

A) one is able to detect patterns of behavior over time. 
B) it is easier to collect than other forms of self-report data. 
C) it is a completely objective form of self-report data. 
D) it is free of the biases associated with other self-report methods.

Question 8

To meet the requirements of good experimental design when establishing the influence of one or more variables,a(n)_____ variable is manipulated.

Accepted Answer

A) dependent 
B) controlled 
C) independent 
D) causal

Question 9

Reliability refers to the:

Accepted Answer

A) ability to assign a personality test score to a person. 
B) ability to measure what a personality test purports to measure. 
C) degree to which an obtained measure represents the true level of the trait being measured. 
D) degree to which a personality test can measure other personality traits effectively.

Question 10

In the context of validity,which of the following refers to whether a test,on the surface,appears to measure what it is supposed to measure?

Accepted Answer

A) Discriminant validity 
B) Predictive validity 
C) Convergent validity 
D) Face validity

Question 11

Edwin Megargee's (1969)study of manifestations of dominance highlights all of these key points about laboratory studies EXCEPT that:

Accepted Answer

A) laboratory experimenters should be sensitive to manifestations of personality that occur in incidental parts of an experiment. 
B) there are often interesting links between S-data obtained through questionnaires and T-data obtained through controlled testing conditions. 
C) the interpersonal style of an experimenter changes the results of the study. 
D) it is possible to set up conditions to reveal key indicators of personality.

Question 12

Triangulation refers to:

Accepted Answer

A) assessing personality traits in a geometric space. 
B) a statistical technique that compares three traits. 
C) a procedure that examines results that transcend data sources. 
D) a method for plotting personality profiles.

Question 13

Psychologists who advocate projective measures argue that these tests:

Accepted Answer

A) are useful for getting at wishes,desires,fantasies,and conflicts that participants themselves may be unaware of and so could not report them in other ways. 
B) are useful for determining individuals' reactions when they are placed in ambiguous situations. 
C) are useful in eliciting unconscious anger and inciting arguments in married couples during laboratory sessions. 
D) are best used in areas of personality psychology that relate to psychopathology and mental illness.

Question 14

A measure of extraversion that has construct validity for samples in the United States also has construct validity for samples of participants assessed for extraversion in Japan.This demonstrates:

Accepted Answer

A) convergent validity. 
B) generalizability. 
C) test-retest reliability. 
D) cross-cultural validity.

Question 15

When alternative measures of the same construct correlate or converge with a target measure,the target measure is most likely to have high:

Accepted Answer

A) face validity. 
B) discriminant validity. 
C) predictive validity. 
D) construct validity.

Question 16

In the context of reliability,which of the following approaches minimizes the effects of socially desirable responding?

Accepted Answer

A) Using noncontent responding 
B) Using a forced-choice questionnaire format 
C) Using a Likert rating scale 
D) Using experience sampling for negative traits

Question 17

Avshalom Caspi and his colleagues examined whether ill-temperedness,measured in childhood,predicted significant life outcomes two to three decades later.This is an example of _____ predicting _____.

Accepted Answer

A) T-data;S-data 
B) O-data;L-data 
C) L-data;T-data 
D) S-data;T-data

Question 18

If dominance correlates positively with ego strength,then:

Accepted Answer

A) dominance causes ego strength. 
B) ego strength causes dominance. 
C) people who score high on dominance tend to score high on ego strength. 
D) people who score high on dominance tend to score low on ego strength.

Question 19

Shimeath measures dominance in male business managers in a variety of ways.The managers complete a dominance questionnaire,and their subordinates complete observer reports of their managers' dominance.Shimeath examines the managers' employment histories and also measures their serum testosterone.Collecting all this data about one specific personality characteristic is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A) cross-fertilization. 
B) triangulation. 
C) cross-validation. 
D) data manipulation.

Question 20

In the context of evaluation of personality measures,when all the items within a test-viewed as a form of repeated measurement-correlate well with each other,the measure is said to have high:

Accepted Answer

A) compatibility and integration across domains and levels. 
B) Likert rating. 
C) social desirability. 
D) internal consistency reliability.

Exam 2: Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design